Java 中奇怪的整数装箱

发布于 2024-09-07 02:13:02 字数 493 浏览 4 评论 0原文

我刚刚看到类似这样的代码:

public class Scratch
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;
        System.out.println(a == b);

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;
        System.out.println(c == d);
    }
}

当运行时,这段代码将打印出:

false
true

我明白为什么第一个是 false:因为这两个对象是单独的对象,所以 ==< /code> 比较引用。但我不明白,为什么第二个语句返回 true ?当整数的值在一定范围内时,是否会出现一些奇怪的自动装箱规则?这是怎么回事?

I just saw code similar to this:

public class Scratch
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;
        System.out.println(a == b);

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;
        System.out.println(c == d);
    }
}

When ran, this block of code will print out:

false
true

I understand why the first is false: because the two objects are separate objects, so the == compares the references. But I can't figure out, why is the second statement returning true? Is there some strange autoboxing rule that kicks in when an Integer's value is in a certain range? What's going on here?

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评论(12

粉红×色少女 2024-09-14 02:13:02

true 行实际上是由语言规范保证的。来自第 5.1.7 节:

如果装箱的值 p 为 true,
false,一个字节,一个范围内的字符
\u0000 到 \u007f,或者 int 或短整型
-128 到 127 之间的数字,然后令
r1 和 r2 是任意两个的结果
p的拳击转换。总是
r1 == r2 的情况。

讨论继续,表明虽然你的第二行输出是有保证的,但第一行却没有(参见下面引用的最后一段):

理想情况下,对给定的原语进行装箱
值 p,总是会产生
相同的参考。在实践中,这
使用现有的可能不可行
实施技术。规则
以上是务实的妥协。这
上述最后条款要求
某些共同的值总是被装箱
变成无法区分的物体。这
实现可能会懒惰地缓存这些
或者热切地。

对于其他值,此公式
不允许任何有关的假设
盒装值的标识
程序员的部分。这将允许
(但不要求)共享一些或
所有这些参考资料。

这确保了在最常见的情况下
情况下,行为将是
想要的,而不强加不适当的
性能损失,尤其是
小型设备。内存限制较少
例如,实现可能是
缓存所有字符和短裤,如
以及整数和长整型
范围为-32K - +32K。

The true line is actually guaranteed by the language specification. From section 5.1.7:

If the value p being boxed is true,
false, a byte, a char in the range
\u0000 to \u007f, or an int or short
number between -128 and 127, then let
r1 and r2 be the results of any two
boxing conversions of p. It is always
the case that r1 == r2.

The discussion goes on, suggesting that although your second line of output is guaranteed, the first isn't (see the last paragraph quoted below):

Ideally, boxing a given primitive
value p, would always yield an
identical reference. In practice, this
may not be feasible using existing
implementation techniques. The rules
above are a pragmatic compromise. The
final clause above requires that
certain common values always be boxed
into indistinguishable objects. The
implementation may cache these, lazily
or eagerly.

For other values, this formulation
disallows any assumptions about the
identity of the boxed values on the
programmer's part. This would allow
(but not require) sharing of some or
all of these references.

This ensures that in most common
cases, the behavior will be the
desired one, without imposing an undue
performance penalty, especially on
small devices. Less memory-limited
implementations might, for example,
cache all characters and shorts, as
well as integers and longs in the
range of -32K - +32K.

谁许谁一生繁华 2024-09-14 02:13:02
public class Scratch
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;  //1
        System.out.println(a == b);

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;  //2
        System.out.println(c == d);
   }
}

输出:

false
true

是的,第一个输出是为了比较参考而产生的; 'a' 和 'b' - 这是两个不同的参考。在第 1 点中,实际上创建了两个引用,类似于 -

Integer a = new Integer(1000);
Integer b = new Integer(1000);

生成第二个输出是因为当 Integer 落入某个范围(从-128 至 127)。在第 2 点,没有为“d”创建 Integer 类型的新引用。它没有为整数类型引用变量“d”创建新对象,而是仅分配先前创建的由“c”引用的对象。所有这些都是由JVM完成的。

这些内存节省规则不仅适用于整数。出于节省内存的目的,以下包装器对象的两个实例(通过装箱创建时)将始终为 ==,其中它们的原始值相同 -

  • 布尔
  • 字节
  • \u0000\ 的 字符u007f(7f 是十进制的 127)
  • 短整型和整数,从 -128127
public class Scratch
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;  //1
        System.out.println(a == b);

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;  //2
        System.out.println(c == d);
   }
}

Output:

false
true

Yep the first output is produced for comparing reference; 'a' and 'b' - these are two different reference. In point 1, actually two references are created which is similar as -

Integer a = new Integer(1000);
Integer b = new Integer(1000);

The second output is produced because the JVM tries to save memory, when the Integer falls in a range (from -128 to 127). At point 2 no new reference of type Integer is created for 'd'. Instead of creating a new object for the Integer type reference variable 'd', it only assigned with previously created object referenced by 'c'. All of these are done by JVM.

These memory saving rules are not only for Integer. for memory saving purpose, two instances of the following wrapper objects (while created through boxing), will always be == where their primitive values are the same -

  • Boolean
  • Byte
  • Character from \u0000 to \u007f (7f is 127 in decimal)
  • Short and Integer from -128 to 127
智商已欠费 2024-09-14 02:13:02

整数缓存是 Java 版本 5 中引入的一项功能,主要目的是:

  1. 节省内存空间
  2. 提高性能。
Integer number1 = 127;
Integer number2 = 127;

System.out.println("number1 == number2" + (number1 == number2); 

输出: True


Integer number1 = 128;
Integer number2 = 128;

System.out.println("number1 == number2" + (number1 == number2);

输出: False

怎么办?

实际上,当我们为 Integer 对象赋值时,它会在幕后进行自动提升

Integer object = 100;

实际上是调用Integer.valueOf()函数

Integer object = Integer.valueOf(100);

valueOf(int)的具体细节

    public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
        if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
            return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
        return new Integer(i);
    }

描述:

此方法将始终缓存 -128 到 127 范围内的值,
包括在内,并且可能缓存此范围之外的其他值。

当需要 -128 到 127 范围内的值时,它每次都会返回一个恒定的内存位置。
但是,当我们需要一个大于 127 的值时,

return new Integer(i);

每次启动一个对象时都会返回一个新引用。


此外,Java 中的 == 运算符用于比较两个内存引用而不是值。

Object1 位于 1000 处,包含值 6。< br>
Object2 位于 1020,包含值 6。

Object1 == Object2False,因为它们具有不同的内存位置,但包含相同的值。

Integer Cache is a feature that was introduced in Java Version 5 basically for :

  1. Saving of Memory space
  2. Improvement in performance.
Integer number1 = 127;
Integer number2 = 127;

System.out.println("number1 == number2" + (number1 == number2); 

OUTPUT: True


Integer number1 = 128;
Integer number2 = 128;

System.out.println("number1 == number2" + (number1 == number2);

OUTPUT: False

HOW?

Actually when we assign value to an Integer object, it does auto promotion behind the hood.

Integer object = 100;

is actually calling Integer.valueOf() function

Integer object = Integer.valueOf(100);

Nitty-gritty details of valueOf(int)

    public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
        if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
            return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
        return new Integer(i);
    }

Description:

This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.

When a value within range of -128 to 127 is required it returns a constant memory location every time.
However, when we need a value thats greater than 127

return new Integer(i);

returns a new reference every time we initiate an object.


Furthermore, == operators in Java is used to compares two memory references and not values.

Object1 located at say 1000 and contains value 6.
Object2 located at say 1020 and contains value 6.

Object1 == Object2 is False as they have different memory locations though contains same values.

溺ぐ爱和你が 2024-09-14 02:13:02

某个范围内的整数对象(我认为可能是 -128 到 127)会被缓存并重新使用。超出该范围的整数每次都会获得一个新对象。

Integer objects in some range (I think maybe -128 through 127) get cached and re-used. Integers outside that range get a new object each time.

软糖 2024-09-14 02:13:02

是的,有一个奇怪的自动装箱规则,当值在一定范围内时就会生效。当您将常量分配给对象变量时,语言定义中没有任何内容表明必须创建新对象。它可以重用缓存中的现有对象。

事实上,JVM 通常会为此目的存储小整数的缓存,以及 Boolean.TRUE 和 Boolean.FALSE 等值。

Yes, there is a strange autoboxing rule that kicks in when the values are in a certain range. When you assign a constant to an Object variable, nothing in the language definition says a new object must be created. It may reuse an existing object from cache.

In fact, the JVM will usually store a cache of small Integers for this purpose, as well as values such as Boolean.TRUE and Boolean.FALSE.

回忆那么伤 2024-09-14 02:13:02

我的猜测是,Java 保留了已经“装箱”的小整数的缓存,因为它们非常常见,并且与创建新对象相比,重用现有对象可以节省大量时间。

My guess is that Java keeps a cache of small integers that are already 'boxed' because they are so very common and it saves a heck of a lot of time to re-use an existing object than to create a new one.

梦里兽 2024-09-14 02:13:02

这是一个有趣的观点。
Effective Java一书中建议始终为您自己的类覆盖 equals 。另外,要检查 java 类的两个对象实例的相等性,请始终使用 equals 方法。

public class Scratch
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;
        System.out.println(a.equals(b));

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;
        System.out.println(c.equals(d));
    }
}

返回:

true
true

That is an interesting point.
In the book Effective Java suggests always to override equals for your own classes. Also that, to check equality for two object instances of a java class always use the equals method.

public class Scratch
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Integer a = 1000, b = 1000;
        System.out.println(a.equals(b));

        Integer c = 100, d = 100;
        System.out.println(c.equals(d));
    }
}

returns:

true
true
原野 2024-09-14 02:13:02

将 int 文字直接分配给 Integer 引用是自动装箱的一个示例,其中文字值到对象转换代码由编译器处理。

因此,在编译阶段,编译器会将 Integer a = 1000, b = 1000; 转换为 Integer a = Integer.valueOf(1000), b = Integer.valueOf(1000);

因此, Integer.valueOf() 方法实际上为我们提供了整数对象,如果我们查看 Integer.valueOf()方法我们可以清楚地看到方法缓存-128 到 127(含)范围内的整数对象。

/**
 * Returns an {@code Integer} instance representing the specified
 * {@code int} value.  If a new {@code Integer} instance is not
 * required, this method should generally be used in preference to
 * the constructor {@link #Integer(int)}, as this method is likely
 * to yield significantly better space and time performance by
 * caching frequently requested values.
 *
 * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
 * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.
 *
 * @param  i an {@code int} value.
 * @return an {@code Integer} instance representing {@code i}.
 * @since  1.5
 */
public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
    if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
        return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
    return new Integer(i);
}

因此,如果传递的 int 文字大于 -128 且小于,则 Integer.valueOf() 该方法不会创建并返回新的整数对象,而是从内部 IntegerCache 返回 Integer 对象大于 127。Java

缓存这些整数对象,因为这个范围的整数在日常编程中被大量使用,从而间接节省了一些内存。

当类由于静态块而被加载到内存中时,缓存会在第一次使用时初始化。缓存的最大范围可以通过-XX:AutoBoxCacheMax JVM选项来控制。

这种缓存行为不仅仅适用于 Integer 对象,与 Integer.IntegerCache 类似,我们也有分别用于 Byte、Short、Long、CharacterByteCache、ShortCache、LongCache、CharacterCache

您可以阅读我的文章 Java 整数缓存 - 为什么使用 Integer.valueOf(127) 来了解更多信息== Integer.valueOf(127) 为 True

Direct assignment of an int literal to an Integer reference is an example of auto-boxing, where the literal value to object conversion code is handled by the compiler.

So during compilation phase compiler converts Integer a = 1000, b = 1000; to Integer a = Integer.valueOf(1000), b = Integer.valueOf(1000);.

So it is Integer.valueOf() method which actually gives us the integer objects, and if we look at the source code of Integer.valueOf() method we can clearly see the method caches integer objects in the range -128 to 127 (inclusive).

/**
 * Returns an {@code Integer} instance representing the specified
 * {@code int} value.  If a new {@code Integer} instance is not
 * required, this method should generally be used in preference to
 * the constructor {@link #Integer(int)}, as this method is likely
 * to yield significantly better space and time performance by
 * caching frequently requested values.
 *
 * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
 * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.
 *
 * @param  i an {@code int} value.
 * @return an {@code Integer} instance representing {@code i}.
 * @since  1.5
 */
public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
    if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
        return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
    return new Integer(i);
}

So instead of creating and returning new integer objects, Integer.valueOf() the method returns Integer objects from the internal IntegerCache if the passed int literal is greater than -128 and less than 127.

Java caches these integer objects because this range of integers gets used a lot in day to day programming which indirectly saves some memory.

The cache is initialized on the first usage when the class gets loaded into memory because of the static block. The max range of the cache can be controlled by the -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax JVM option.

This caching behaviour is not applicable for Integer objects only, similar to Integer.IntegerCache we also have ByteCache, ShortCache, LongCache, CharacterCache for Byte, Short, Long, Character respectively.

You can read more on my article Java Integer Cache - Why Integer.valueOf(127) == Integer.valueOf(127) Is True.

站稳脚跟 2024-09-14 02:13:02

在 Java 中,整数的装箱范围在 -128 到 127 之间。当您使用此范围内的数字时,可以将其与 == 运算符进行比较。对于范围之外的 Integer 对象,您必须使用 equals。

In Java the boxing works in the range between -128 and 127 for an Integer. When you are using numbers in this range you can compare it with the == operator. For Integer objects outside the range you have to use equals.

嘿哥们儿 2024-09-14 02:13:02

如果我们检查Integer类的源代码,我们可以找到valueOf 方法就像这样:

public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
    if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
        return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
    return new Integer(i);
}

这解释了为什么 Integer 对象是在 -128 (Integer.low) 到 127 (Integer.high) 范围内,是自动装箱期间相同的引用对象。我们可以看到有一个类IntegerCache负责处理Integer缓存数组,它是Integer类的私有静态内部类。

还有另一个有趣的例子可能有助于理解这种奇怪的情况:

public static void main(String[] args) throws ReflectiveOperationException {
    Class cache = Integer.class.getDeclaredClasses()[0];
    Field myCache = cache.getDeclaredField("cache");
    myCache.setAccessible(true);

    Integer[] newCache = (Integer[]) myCache.get(cache);
    newCache[132] = newCache[133];

    Integer a = 2;
    Integer b = a + a;
    System.out.printf("%d + %d = %d", a, a, b); // The output is: 2 + 2 = 5
}

If we check the source code of the Integer class, we can find the source of the valueOf method just like this:

public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
    if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
        return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
    return new Integer(i);
}

This explains why Integer objects, which are in the range from -128 (Integer.low) to 127 (Integer.high), are the same referenced objects during the autoboxing. And we can see there is a class IntegerCache that takes care of the Integer cache array, which is a private static inner class of the Integer class.

There is another interesting example that may help to understand this weird situation:

public static void main(String[] args) throws ReflectiveOperationException {
    Class cache = Integer.class.getDeclaredClasses()[0];
    Field myCache = cache.getDeclaredField("cache");
    myCache.setAccessible(true);

    Integer[] newCache = (Integer[]) myCache.get(cache);
    newCache[132] = newCache[133];

    Integer a = 2;
    Integer b = a + a;
    System.out.printf("%d + %d = %d", a, a, b); // The output is: 2 + 2 = 5
}
夜灵血窟げ 2024-09-14 02:13:02

在 Java 5 中,引入了一项新功能来节省内存并提高整数类型对象处理的性能。整数对象在内部缓存并通过相同的引用对象重用。

  1. 这适用于 –127 到 +127 范围内的整数值
    (最大整数值)。

  2. 此整数缓存仅适用于自动装箱。整数对象将
    使用构造函数构建它们时不会被缓存。

有关更多详细信息,请访问以下链接:

整数缓存详细信息

In Java 5, a new feature was introduced to save the memory and improve performance for Integer type objects handlings. Integer objects are cached internally and reused via the same referenced objects.

  1. This is applicable for Integer values in range between –127 to +127
    (Max Integer value).

  2. This Integer caching works only on autoboxing. Integer objects will
    not be cached when they are built using the constructor.

For more detail pls go through below Link:

Integer Cache in Detail

孤凫 2024-09-14 02:13:02

Integer 类包含 -128 到 127 之间的值的缓存,这是 JLS 5.1.7。拳击转换。因此,当您使用 == 检查此范围内的两个 Integer 是否相等时,您会得到相同的缓存值,并且如果您比较两个 Integer< /code>s 超出此范围,您将得到两个不同的值。

您可以通过更改 JVM 参数来增加缓存上限:

-XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<cache_max_value>

-Djava.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high=<cache_max_value>

参见内部 IntegerCache 类:

/**
 * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values
 * between -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS.
 *
 * The cache is initialized on first usage.  The size of the cache
 * may be controlled by the {@code -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<size>} option.
 * During VM initialization, java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property
 * may be set and saved in the private system properties in the
 * sun.misc.VM class.
 */
private static class IntegerCache {
    static final int low = -128;
    static final int high;
    static final Integer cache[];

    static {
        // high value may be configured by property
        int h = 127;
        String integerCacheHighPropValue =
            sun.misc.VM.getSavedProperty("java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high");
        if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) {
            try {
                int i = parseInt(integerCacheHighPropValue);
                i = Math.max(i, 127);
                // Maximum array size is Integer.MAX_VALUE
                h = Math.min(i, Integer.MAX_VALUE - (-low) -1);
            } catch( NumberFormatException nfe) {
                // If the property cannot be parsed into an int, ignore it.
            }
        }
        high = h;

        cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1];
        int j = low;
        for(int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++)
            cache[k] = new Integer(j++);

        // range [-128, 127] must be interned (JLS7 5.1.7)
        assert IntegerCache.high >= 127;
    }

    private IntegerCache() {}
}

Class Integer contains cache of values between -128 and 127, as it required by JLS 5.1.7. Boxing Conversion. So when you use the == to check the equality of two Integers in this range, you get the same cached value, and if you compare two Integers out of this range, you get two diferent values.

You can increase the cache upper bound by changing the JVM parameters:

-XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<cache_max_value>

or

-Djava.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high=<cache_max_value>

See inner IntegerCache class:

/**
 * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values
 * between -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS.
 *
 * The cache is initialized on first usage.  The size of the cache
 * may be controlled by the {@code -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<size>} option.
 * During VM initialization, java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property
 * may be set and saved in the private system properties in the
 * sun.misc.VM class.
 */
private static class IntegerCache {
    static final int low = -128;
    static final int high;
    static final Integer cache[];

    static {
        // high value may be configured by property
        int h = 127;
        String integerCacheHighPropValue =
            sun.misc.VM.getSavedProperty("java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high");
        if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) {
            try {
                int i = parseInt(integerCacheHighPropValue);
                i = Math.max(i, 127);
                // Maximum array size is Integer.MAX_VALUE
                h = Math.min(i, Integer.MAX_VALUE - (-low) -1);
            } catch( NumberFormatException nfe) {
                // If the property cannot be parsed into an int, ignore it.
            }
        }
        high = h;

        cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1];
        int j = low;
        for(int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++)
            cache[k] = new Integer(j++);

        // range [-128, 127] must be interned (JLS7 5.1.7)
        assert IntegerCache.high >= 127;
    }

    private IntegerCache() {}
}
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