如何进行yum备份和恢复？
有没有办法对 yum 更新时会更改的包进行备份？例如，当我执行 yum update lighttpd 时，如果 yum update 不成功或者会导致意外的错误或错误，是否有办法备份和恢复 lighttpd？
Is there a way to make a backup of package that will be change while yum update? For example when I do yum update lighttpd is there a way to backup and restore lighttpd if yum update will be unsuccessful or it will result in unsuspected errors or bugs?
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如果您在 4.6.0 之前使用 RPM（它已在较新版本中删除），您可以使用
rpm --rollback机制，如 在这篇旧教程中或在一篇更完整的文章中，其中包含一些内容功能解释。 --rollback 功能是一个自动解决方案，由于不可靠而被删除。您可以使用手动解决方案，在 yum 更新之前保留所有软件包的列表，并重新安装所需的旧 rpm，可能使用 --oldpackage，如 rpm -Uvh - -oldpackage foo-1-1.i386.rpm：
获取所有已安装软件包的列表，按安装时间排序：
(来源)
如果您使用 Fedora，这里是使用安装程序升级系统的官方指南，其中包含如何创建 < a href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Installation_Guide/sn-upgrade-tree-x86.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">系统当前安装的软件包列表 以及如何恢复大多数旧软件升级后。
如果您想要一种通用方法来获取已安装软件的列表（不仅仅是基于 rpm），您可以按照 本文也是如此。
If you're using RPM before 4.6.0 (it's removed in newer versions), you can use
rpm --rollbackmechanism like in this old tutorial or in a more complete article with some functionality explanation. The --rollback feature is an automatic solution that was removed since it isn't reliable.You can have a manual solution, keeping a list of all the packages before the yum update and reinstall needed old rpms possibly using --oldpackage like
rpm -Uvh --oldpackage foo-1-1.i386.rpm:To get a list of all installed packages, sorted by installation time:
(Source)
If you're using Fedora, here is an official guide to upgrade the system using the installer with an example of how to create a list of system current installed packages and how to restore most of old software after an upgrade.
If you want a generic approach to get a list of installed software (not only rpm based), you can follow this article as well.
如果您使用的是存储库。保留所有旧版本，您只需执行“yum downgrade lighttpd”（以及较新的 yum 的“yum History undo”）。如果不是，那么您可以保留旧 rpm 的本地副本并使用“yum downgrade lighttpd*.rpm”（尽管这比较棘手）。
有些问题可能无法通过此解决，但这些问题应该非常罕见，降级不太可能改变任何其他副作用。
最近创建了一个插件“yum-plugin-fs-snapshot”，它将在升级之前自动拍摄 FS 快照（btrfs 或 LVM）......因此。然后您可以回滚到快照。不过，这是一个很大的改变，所以我不推荐它。
If you are using a repo. that keeps all old versions around, you can just do "yum downgrade lighttpd" (and with newer yum's "yum history undo"). If you aren't, then you can keep a local copy of the old rpm and use "yum downgrade lighttpd*.rpm" (although that is trickier).
It's possible that some problems won't be fixed by this, but those should be very rare and downgrade is unlikely to change anything else as a side effect.
Very recently a plugin "yum-plugin-fs-snapshot" has been created, which will automatically take an FS snapshot (btrfs, or LVM) before doing an upgrade ... thus. you can then just rollback to the snapshot. This is a big change though, so I don't recommend it.
我使用 etckeeper 来跟踪
/etc下文件的更改。 etckeeper 将/etc置于版本控制之下（它支持多种版本控制系统，包括 Git、Mercurial 和 Bazaar），并与许多 Linux 发行版（APT、YUM、Pacman）的包管理系统集成。如果在升级过程中出现问题，我可以回滚任何内容。
I use etckeeper to track changes of files under
/etc. etckeeper puts/etcunder version control (it supports multiple version control systems, including Git, Mercurial and Bazaar) and integrates with the package management systems of a number of Linux distros (APT, YUM, Pacman).If something bad happens during an upgrade or so, I can rollback anything.