将 Python 应用程序捆绑为单个文件以支持附加组件或扩展?

发布于 2024-09-02 21:03:41 字数 877 浏览 4 评论 0 原文

有多种实用程序(均具有不同的过程、限制和目标操作系统),用于获取 Python 包及其所有依赖项,并将它们转换为易于交付给客户的单个二进制程序:

我的情况更进一步:第三方开发人员希望为我的应用程序编写插件、扩展或附加组件。当然,这是一个令人畏惧的问题,Windows 等平台上的用户如何最轻松地安装插件或附加组件,以便我的应用程序可以轻松发现它们已安装。但除了这个基本问题之外,还有另一个问题:第三方开发人员如何将其扩展与扩展本身需要的任何库(可能是二进制模块,如 lxml)捆绑在一起,以便插件的依赖项可以同时导入插件可用的时间。

如何解决这个问题?我的应用程序是否需要在磁盘上有自己的插件区域和自己的插件注册表才能使其易于处理?或者是否存在我可以避免自己编写的通用机制,该机制允许作为单个可执行文件分发的应用程序环顾四周并查找也作为单个文件安装的插件?

There are several utilities — all with different procedures, limitations, and target operating systems — for getting a Python package and all of its dependencies and turning them into a single binary program that is easy to ship to customers:

My situation goes one step further: third-party developers will be wanting to write plug-ins, extensions, or add-ons for my application. It is, of course, a daunting question how users on platforms like Windows would most easily install plugins or addons in such a way that my app can easily discover that they have been installed. But beyond that basic question is another: how can a third-party developer bundle their extension with whatever libraries the extension itself needs (which might be binary modules, like lxml) in such a way that the plugin's dependencies become available for import at the same time that the plugin becomes available.

How can this be approached? Will my application need its own plug-in area on disk and its own plug-in registry to make this tractable? Or are there general mechanisms, that I could avoid writing myself, that would allow an app that is distributed as a single executable to look around and find plugins that are also installed as single files?

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好菇凉咱不稀罕他 2024-09-09 21:03:41

您应该能够拥有应用程序在运行时(或稍后)扫描的插件目录以导入相关代码。这是一个应该与常规 .py 或 .pyc 代码一起使用的示例,甚至可以与存储在 zip 文件中的插件一起使用(因此用户可以将 someplugin.zip 放入“插件”目录中并使其神奇地工作):

import re, os, sys
class Plugin(object):
    """
    The base class from which all plugins are derived.  It is used by the
    plugin loading functions to find all the installed plugins.
    """
    def __init__(self, foo):
        self.foo = foo
    # Any useful base plugin methods would go in here.

def get_plugins(plugin_dir):
    """Adds plugins to sys.path and returns them as a list"""

    registered_plugins = []

    #check to see if a plugins directory exists and add any found plugins
    # (even if they're zipped)
    if os.path.exists(plugin_dir):
        plugins = os.listdir(plugin_dir)
        pattern = ".py$"
        for plugin in plugins:
            plugin_path = os.path.join(plugin_dir, plugin)
            if os.path.splitext(plugin)[1] == ".zip":
                sys.path.append(plugin_path)
                (plugin, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin) # Get rid of the .zip extension
                registered_plugins.append(plugin)
            elif plugin != "__init__.py":
                if re.search(pattern, plugin):
                    (shortname, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin)
                    registered_plugins.append(shortname)
            if os.path.isdir(plugin_path):
                plugins = os.listdir(plugin_path)
                for plugin in plugins:
                    if plugin != "__init__.py":
                        if re.search(pattern, plugin):
                            (shortname, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin)
                            sys.path.append(plugin_path)
                            registered_plugins.append(shortname)
    return registered_plugins

def init_plugin_system(cfg):
    """
    Initializes the plugin system by appending all plugins into sys.path and
    then using load_plugins() to import them.

        cfg - A dictionary with two keys:
        plugin_path - path to the plugin directory (e.g. 'plugins')
        plugins - List of plugin names to import (e.g. ['foo', 'bar'])
    """
    if not cfg['plugin_path'] in sys.path:
        sys.path.insert(0, cfg['plugin_path'])
    load_plugins(cfg['plugins'])

def load_plugins(plugins):
    """
    Imports all plugins given a list.
    Note:  Assumes they're all in sys.path.
    """
    for plugin in plugins:
        __import__(plugin, None, None, [''])
        if plugin not in Plugin.__subclasses__():
            # This takes care of importing zipped plugins:
            __import__(plugin, None, None, [plugin])

所以可以说我有一个名为“foo.py”的插件,位于名为“plugins”的目录(位于我的应用程序的基本目录中),它将为我的应用程序添加新功能。内容可能如下所示:

from plugin_stuff import Plugin

class Foo(Plugin):
    """An example plugin."""
    self.menu_entry = {'Tools': {'Foo': self.bar}}
    def bar(self):
        return "foo plugin!"

当我启动应用程序时,我可以像这样初始化我的插件:

plugin_dir = "%s/plugins" % os.getcwd()
plugin_list = get_plugins(plugin_dir)
init_plugin_system({'plugin_path': plugin_dir, 'plugins': plugin_list})
plugins = find_plugins()
plugin_menu_entries = []
for plugin in plugins:
    print "Enabling plugin: %s" % plugin.__name__
    plugin_menu_entries.append(plugin.menu_entry))
add_menu_entries(plugin_menu_entries) # This is an imaginary function

只要插件是 .py 或 .pyc 文件(假设它是针对相关平台进行字节编译的),就应该可以工作。它可以是独立文件,也可以位于具有 init.py 的目录中,或者位于具有相同规则的 zip 文件中。

我怎么知道这有效?这就是我在 PyCI 中实现插件的方式。 PyCI 是一个 Web 应用程序,但这种方法没有理由不适用于常规的 ol' GUI。对于上面的示例,我选择将虚构的 add_menu_entries() 函数与插件对象变量结合使用,该变量可用于将插件的方法添加到 GUI 的菜单中。

希望这个答案能帮助您构建自己的插件系统。如果您想准确了解它是如何实现的,我建议您下载 PyCI 源代码并查看plugins_enabled 目录中的plugin_utils.py 和示例插件。

You should be able to have a plugins directory that your application scans at runtime (or later) to import the code in question. Here's an example that should work with regular .py or .pyc code that even works with plugins stored inside zip files (so users could just drop someplugin.zip in the 'plugins' directory and have it magically work):

import re, os, sys
class Plugin(object):
    """
    The base class from which all plugins are derived.  It is used by the
    plugin loading functions to find all the installed plugins.
    """
    def __init__(self, foo):
        self.foo = foo
    # Any useful base plugin methods would go in here.

def get_plugins(plugin_dir):
    """Adds plugins to sys.path and returns them as a list"""

    registered_plugins = []

    #check to see if a plugins directory exists and add any found plugins
    # (even if they're zipped)
    if os.path.exists(plugin_dir):
        plugins = os.listdir(plugin_dir)
        pattern = ".py$"
        for plugin in plugins:
            plugin_path = os.path.join(plugin_dir, plugin)
            if os.path.splitext(plugin)[1] == ".zip":
                sys.path.append(plugin_path)
                (plugin, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin) # Get rid of the .zip extension
                registered_plugins.append(plugin)
            elif plugin != "__init__.py":
                if re.search(pattern, plugin):
                    (shortname, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin)
                    registered_plugins.append(shortname)
            if os.path.isdir(plugin_path):
                plugins = os.listdir(plugin_path)
                for plugin in plugins:
                    if plugin != "__init__.py":
                        if re.search(pattern, plugin):
                            (shortname, ext) = os.path.splitext(plugin)
                            sys.path.append(plugin_path)
                            registered_plugins.append(shortname)
    return registered_plugins

def init_plugin_system(cfg):
    """
    Initializes the plugin system by appending all plugins into sys.path and
    then using load_plugins() to import them.

        cfg - A dictionary with two keys:
        plugin_path - path to the plugin directory (e.g. 'plugins')
        plugins - List of plugin names to import (e.g. ['foo', 'bar'])
    """
    if not cfg['plugin_path'] in sys.path:
        sys.path.insert(0, cfg['plugin_path'])
    load_plugins(cfg['plugins'])

def load_plugins(plugins):
    """
    Imports all plugins given a list.
    Note:  Assumes they're all in sys.path.
    """
    for plugin in plugins:
        __import__(plugin, None, None, [''])
        if plugin not in Plugin.__subclasses__():
            # This takes care of importing zipped plugins:
            __import__(plugin, None, None, [plugin])

So lets say I have a plugin named "foo.py" in a directory called 'plugins' (that is in the base dir of my app) that will add a new capability to my application. The contents might look like this:

from plugin_stuff import Plugin

class Foo(Plugin):
    """An example plugin."""
    self.menu_entry = {'Tools': {'Foo': self.bar}}
    def bar(self):
        return "foo plugin!"

I could initialize my plugins when I launch my app like so:

plugin_dir = "%s/plugins" % os.getcwd()
plugin_list = get_plugins(plugin_dir)
init_plugin_system({'plugin_path': plugin_dir, 'plugins': plugin_list})
plugins = find_plugins()
plugin_menu_entries = []
for plugin in plugins:
    print "Enabling plugin: %s" % plugin.__name__
    plugin_menu_entries.append(plugin.menu_entry))
add_menu_entries(plugin_menu_entries) # This is an imaginary function

That should work as long as the plugin is either a .py or .pyc file (assuming it is byte-compiled for the platform in question). It can be standalone file or inside of a directory with an init.py or inside of a zip file with the same rules.

How do I know this works? It is how I implemented plugins in PyCI. PyCI is a web application but there's no reason why this method wouldn't work for a regular ol' GUI. For the example above I chose to use an imaginary add_menu_entries() function in conjunction with a Plugin object variable that could be used to add a plugin's methods to your GUI's menus.

Hopefully this answer will help you build your own plugin system. If you want to see precisely how it is implemented I recommend you download the PyCI source code and look at plugin_utils.py and the Example plugin in the plugins_enabled directory.

池木 2024-09-09 21:03:41

以下是使用插件的 Python 应用程序的另一个示例: 打开STV。这里,插件只能是Python模块。

Here is another example of a Python app that uses plugins: OpenSTV. Here, the plugins can only be Python modules.

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