Lua运算符重载
我在网上发现一些地方说 Lua 中的运算符是可重载的,但我似乎找不到任何示例。
有人可以提供一个示例,例如重载 + 运算符以使其像.. 运算符适用于字符串连接?
编辑 1: 致 Alexander Gladysh 和 RBerteig:
如果运算符重载仅在两个操作数类型相同时才起作用,并且更改此行为并不容易,那么以下代码如何起作用? (我没有任何冒犯的意思,我刚刚开始学习这门语言):
printf = function(fmt, ...)
io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end
Set = {}
Set.mt = {} -- metatable for sets
function Set.new (t)
local set = {}
setmetatable(set, Set.mt)
for _, l in ipairs(t) do set[l] = true end
return set
end
function Set.union (a,b)
-- THIS IS THE PART THAT MANAGES OPERATOR OVERLOADING WITH OPERANDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
-- if user built new set using: new_set = some_set + some_number
if type(a) == "table" and type(b) == "number" then
print("building set...")
local mixedset = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(a) do mixedset[k] = true end
mixedset[b] = true
return mixedset
-- elseif user built new set using: new_set = some_number + some_set
elseif type(b) == "table" and type(a) == "number" then
print("building set...")
local mixedset = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(b) do mixedset[k] = true end
mixedset[a] = true
return mixedset
end
if getmetatable(a) ~= Set.mt or
getmetatable(b) ~= Set.mt then
error("attempt to 'add' a set with a non-set value that is also not a number", 2)
end
local res = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(a) do res[k] = true end
for k in pairs(b) do res[k] = true end
return res
end
function Set.tostring (set)
local s = "{"
local sep = ""
for e in pairs(set) do
s = s .. sep .. e
sep = ", "
end
return s .. "}"
end
function Set.print (s)
print(Set.tostring(s))
end
s1 = Set.new{10, 20, 30, 50}
s2 = Set.new{30, 1}
Set.mt.__add = Set.union
-- now try to make a new set by unioning a set plus a number:
s3 = s1 + 8
Set.print(s3) --> {1, 10, 20, 30, 50}
I've found some places on the web saying that operators in Lua are overloadable but I can't seem to find any example.
Can someone provide an example of, say, overloading the + operator to work like the .. operator works for string concatenation?
EDIT 1:to Alexander Gladysh and RBerteig:
If operator overloading only works when both operands are the same type and changing this behavior wouldn't be easy, then how come the following code works? (I don't mean any offense, I just started learning this language):
printf = function(fmt, ...)
io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end
Set = {}
Set.mt = {} -- metatable for sets
function Set.new (t)
local set = {}
setmetatable(set, Set.mt)
for _, l in ipairs(t) do set[l] = true end
return set
end
function Set.union (a,b)
-- THIS IS THE PART THAT MANAGES OPERATOR OVERLOADING WITH OPERANDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
-- if user built new set using: new_set = some_set + some_number
if type(a) == "table" and type(b) == "number" then
print("building set...")
local mixedset = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(a) do mixedset[k] = true end
mixedset[b] = true
return mixedset
-- elseif user built new set using: new_set = some_number + some_set
elseif type(b) == "table" and type(a) == "number" then
print("building set...")
local mixedset = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(b) do mixedset[k] = true end
mixedset[a] = true
return mixedset
end
if getmetatable(a) ~= Set.mt or
getmetatable(b) ~= Set.mt then
error("attempt to 'add' a set with a non-set value that is also not a number", 2)
end
local res = Set.new{}
for k in pairs(a) do res[k] = true end
for k in pairs(b) do res[k] = true end
return res
end
function Set.tostring (set)
local s = "{"
local sep = ""
for e in pairs(set) do
s = s .. sep .. e
sep = ", "
end
return s .. "}"
end
function Set.print (s)
print(Set.tostring(s))
end
s1 = Set.new{10, 20, 30, 50}
s2 = Set.new{30, 1}
Set.mt.__add = Set.union
-- now try to make a new set by unioning a set plus a number:
s3 = s1 + 8
Set.print(s3) --> {1, 10, 20, 30, 50}
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评论(2)
metatable
函数仅适用于表,但您可以使用debug.metatable
来设置字符串元表...另一种方法是使用
debug.getmetatable
code> 来扩充内置字符串元表(回答下面评论中的问题):The
metatable
function only works on tables, but you can usedebug.metatable
to set the strings metatable...Another approach is to use
debug.getmetatable
to augment the built-in string metatable (answering the question in the comment below):请参阅 Lua 编程手册的 元表 部分以及Lua 编程第二版。
请注意,对于比较运算符,运算符重载仅在两个操作数类型相同时起作用。
See the Metatables section of Lua Programming Manual and Metatables and Metamethods chapter of the Programming in Lua 2nd edition.
Note that for comparison operators operator overloading works only when both operand types are the same.