瀑布模型的替代方案是什么

发布于 2024-09-01 07:07:57 字数 27 浏览 14 评论 0原文

您能给出一种方法来减轻瀑布模型的缺点吗?

Can you please give a methodology that stands to alleviate the disadvantages of waterfall model?

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☆獨立☆ 2024-09-08 07:07:57

瀑布的问题在于它由整体阶段组成,每个阶段都建立在前一个阶段上。因此,在设计整个系统后,代码将被分成一大块进行开发,而这又是在收集并签署所有需求之后进行的。

这是一个问题,因为任何变更都必须通过复杂的程序来批准,并波及所有阶段。但历史的教训是:改变总会发生。当我们开始编码时,需求总是不完整的,或者指定错误的,或者干脆已经过时了。很多时候,设计和构建都是基于假设进行的,而当系统达到 UAT 时,这些假设就失效了。这会导致疯狂的返工和延误。

事实上,没有多少客户擅长设想可工作的软件系统所需的抽象思维。而且太多的 IT 专业人员缺乏理解业务逻辑所需的经验。瀑布拒绝接受这些事实。

唯一诚实的需求规范是“我看到它就知道”。因此,尽快向真实用户提供可用的软件至关重要。任何专注于在短迭代中增量交付工作软件的方法都将“减轻瀑布模型的缺点”。

最初是 RADDSDM。然后XP 举起了横幅。现在有敏捷和相关的东西,例如Scrum看板

那么为什么人们坚持使用瀑布方法?

人们普遍认为敏捷只是牛仔黑客的一个幌子,他们可以抛弃所有无聊的流程,继续做他们最喜欢的事情:编写代码。 “极限编程”的品牌无疑鼓励了这种想法,而且,说实话,这并不是毫无根据的指控。也就是说,一些程序员以敏捷为借口,不进行计划、设计或记录。这并不反映敏捷的实际实践,敏捷与任何其他方法论一样需要严格性。

此外,敏捷需要客户员工投入更多的时间,这是许多组织不愿意接受的。此外,买单的人可能不愿意授权初级员工做决定。 客户用户之间有一个重要的区别。

在外包方面,瀑布模型提供了一个简单的框架,用于将可交付成果与分阶段付款相匹配。事实上,合同方面可能比这更强大:在欧盟,所有价值 1 亿欧元或以上的项目都必须使用瀑布。

最后,还有一些瀑布效果很好的项目。这些项目具有稳定且被客户和开发人员充分理解的知识领域。

最后一句话

尽管瀑布失败了,但它还是成功地交付了许多项目。这是因为努力、能力和诚信比方法论更重要。

The problem with Waterfall is that it consists of monolithic stages, each building on the previous stage. So the code is developed in one chunk after the entire system has been designed, which in turn happened after all the requirements have been gathered and signed off.

This is problem because any change has to be ratified by a complex procedure and rippled through all the stages. But the lesson of history is: change happens. The requirements are always incomplete, or mis-specified or simply out-of-date by the time we get to coding. Too often design and build proceed on the basis of assumptions which are nullified when the system gets to UAT. This leads to frantic re-work and slippages.

The truth is not many customers are good at the sort of abstract thinking required to envisage a working software software system. And too many IT professionals lack the experience necessary to understand business logic. Waterfall refuses to accept these truth.

The only honest requirement specification is "I'll know it when I see it". So it is crucial to get working software in front of real users as soon as possible. Any methodology which focuses on delivering working software incrementally in short iterations will "alleviate the disadvantages of waterfall model".

Originally that was RAD or DSDM. Then XP tok up the banner. Now there is Agile and related things like Scrum and Kanban.

So why do people persist with the Waterfall method?

There is a common perception that Agile is just a cover for cowboy hackers to ditch all the boring process stuff and get on with what they enjoy most: writing code. The branding of "Extreme Programming" certainly encourage this thought, and, let's be honest, it is not an unfounded allegation. That is, some coders pretend to be agile as an excuse not to plan, design or document. This does not reflect the actual practice of Agile, which require just as much rigour as any other methodolgy.

Also Agile requires a much greater commitment of time from the customer's staff, which many organizations are loath to accept. Also the people footing the bill may be unwilling to empower their junior staff to make decisions. There is an important distinction between Customer and User.

When it comes to outsourcing the waterfall model provides an easy framework for matching deliverables to staged payments. Indeed the contractual aspect maybe stronger than that: in the EU Waterfall is mandated for all projects valued at EUR 100m or more.

Finally, there are projects where Waterfall works well. These projects have knowledge domains which are stable and well-understood by both the customers and the developers.

last word

Despite its failings Waterfall has delivered many projects successfully. This is because hard work, aptitude and integrity are more important than methodology.

提笔书几行 2024-09-08 07:07:57

1970 年,Winston Royce 博士在题为“管理大型软件系统的开发”的论文中记录了瀑布模型。基本上概述了他关于顺序开发的想法。他的想法是软件可以以与汽车类似的方式生产,其中车辆以顺序/线性阶段拼凑在一起。

这种线性方法实际上不允许软件一旦开始就进行更改。与最终用户/客户没有紧密的关系,因此很难概述可能的问题区域。

值得注意的是,瀑布模型的某些阶段允许“回击”,即在开发期间有足够的时间返回并进行小的更改。时间限制、涉及的工作量和预算实际上不允许使用此模型进行太大的改变(如果有的话)。

瀑布模型已经很古老了,随着时间的推移,软件范式本身也在发生变化。面向对象编程很流行,但当时它还几乎没有生命力。通过使用瀑布模型,很明显缺陷已经被发现,这导致了替代的开发方法。

好的,现在寻找替代方案。 Alistair Cockburn(2008)将增量模型描述为一种分期和调度策略,其中各个部分在不同的时间或速率开发,并在完成该特定部分后进行集成。

基本上增量看起来很像这样:

Analysis->Design->Code->Test
  Analysis->Design->Code->Test
  Analysis->Design->Code->Test

好处包括生命周期灵活并允许从一开始就进行更改。
工作软件或者更确切地说是部件是在早期快速生成的。由于进度迭代较小,生成的代码可以更早地进行测试和管理。并未预先收集系统的所有需求,而只是一个概要。这允许快速启动,但是在某些系统中这可能是一个缺点,因为可能会错过支持的系统架构等内容。

另一方面,迭代允许对系统的某些部分进行返工和修改以改进系统。为此留出时间。迭代并不是从完整的需求规范开始。开发是通过仅指定和实现软件的一部分来完成的。对软件进行审查是为了确定进一步的要求。这更像是一种自上而下的方法。这种方法的缺点是确保所有迭代都是兼容的。当每个新的迭代获得批准时,开发人员可以采用一种称为逆向工程的技术,这是一种系统的审查和检查程序,以确保每个新的迭代与以前的迭代兼容。不断迭代的一个主要好处是,客户可以保留循环中,最终产品应满足要求。

迭代方法图。

其他方法包括原型设计。进化和一次性。这些也被认为更像是自上而下的方法。这两个过程都借鉴了工程学。在工程学中,构建要建造的物体的比例模型是很常见的。构建模型允许工程师测试设计的某些方面。软件开发原型方法提供了相同的思想。原型设计并不被视为一种独立的、完整的开发方法,而是一种处理更大、更传统的开发方法中选定部分的方法。

一次性原型制作 - 一次性原型制作不保留已开发的原型。在一次性原型设计中,从来没有任何意图将原型转换为工作系统。相反,原型会快速开发出来,以演示系统设计中尚不清楚的某些方面。它还可以开发来帮助用户或客户在不同的功能或界面特征之间做出决定。一旦任何问题或不确定性得到解决,原型就可以被“扔掉”,所学到的原理可以用于实际产品的设计和文档记录。

进化原型 - 在进化原型中,您首先对目标系统的各个部分进行建模,如果原型制作过程成功,您就可以从这些部分进化出系统的其余部分。这种方法的一个关键方面是原型成为实际的生产系统。此过程允许系统的困难部分在原型中成功建模并在项目的早期进行处理。

其他需要研究的领域将包括敏捷-> SCRUM、极限编程、结对编程等。

试图保持简短,但人们写了关于这类内容的书籍,而且有很多东西可以讨论。

可能值得一看:
增量和迭代

The waterfall model was documented in 1970 by a Dr Winston Royce in a paper titled 'Managing the development of large Software Systems'. Basically outlining his ideas on sequential development. His idea was that software could be produced in a similar fashion to an automobile, where the vehicle is pieced together in sequential/linear phases.

This linear approach doesn't really allow for changes in a piece of software once it begins. There is no tight relationship with the end user/client so its harder to outline possible problem areas.

Its worth noting some phases of the waterfall model allow for 'splashback' whereby there is enough time in the development period to go back and make small changes. Time constraints and the amount of work involved and budgets don't really allow for much change if any to be made using this model.

The waterfall model is old, as time goes by software paradigms themselves change. Object Oriented programming is popular, back then it was barely alive. Through the use of the waterfall model its obvious that the flaws have been spotted and this has lead to the alternative development methodologies.

Ok, so now for alternatives. Incremental model is described by Alistair Cockburn(2008) as a staging and scheduling strategy in which various parts are developed at different times or rates and integrated upon completion of that specific part.

Basically incremental looks a lot like this:

Analysis->Design->Code->Test
  Analysis->Design->Code->Test
  Analysis->Design->Code->Test

Number of benefits include lifecycle being flexible and allowing for change from the get go.
Working software or rather parts are generated quickly and early on. Code produced is earlier to test and manage due to the small iterations of progress. Not all of the requirements of the system are gathered up front, just an outline. This allows for a quick start, however it might be a disadvantage in some systems as things like the system architecture being supported might be missed.

Iterative on the other hand allows parts of the system to be reworked and revised to improve the system. Time is set aside to allow for this. Iterative does not start with a full specification of requirements. Development is done by specifying and implementing just part of the software. Software is reviewed in order to identify further requirements.This is more of a top down approach. Disadvantages with this methodology are making sure all the iterations are compatible. As each new iteration is approved, developers may employ a technique known as backwards engineering, which is a systematic review and check procedure to make sure each new iteration is compatible with previous ones.A major benefit with the constant iterations is that the client is kept in the loop and the final product should meet the requirements.

Iterative approach diagram.

Other methodologies include Prototyping. Evolutionary and Throwaway. These are also deemed as more of a top down approach. Both process are borrowed from engineering.In engineering it is common to construct scale models of objects to be built. Building models allows the engineer to test certain aspects of the design. The software development prototyping methodology provides the same ideology. Prototyping is not seen as a standalone, complete development methodology but rather an approach to handling selected portions of a larger, more traditional development methodology.

Throwaway Prototyping - Throwaway prototyping does not preserve the prototype that has been developed. In throwaway prototyping there is never any intention to convert the prototype into a working system. Instead the prototype is developed quickly to demonstrate some aspect of a system design that is unclear. It can also be developed to help users or clients decide between different features or interface characteristics. Once any problems or uncertainty has been addressed the prototype can be ‘thrown away’ and the principles learned used in the design and documentation of the actual product.

Evolutionary Prototyping - In Evolutionary prototyping you begin by modeling parts of the target system and if the prototyping process is successful you evolve the rest of the system from those parts. One key aspect of this approach is that the prototype becomes the actual production system. This process allows for difficult parts of the system to be modeled successfully in prototypes and dealt with early on in a project.

Other areas to look into will include Agile-> SCRUM, Extreme programming, Paired programming etc.

Tried to keep it short but people write books on this sort of stuff and there is so much to discuss.

Might be worth having a look at:
Incremental and Iterative

不奢求什么 2024-09-08 07:07:57

瀑布方法的替代方法是“以正确的方式进行”。

如果您在工厂车间的装配线上,瀑布似乎很有意义。但我从未见过它作为设计过程的一部分起作用……而软件开发就是一个设计过程。因此,瀑布方法从来没有真正起作用,因为它无助于促进高质量产品的创建,而是专注于过程。过程可以很棒,但如果它生产的产品是二流的,那还有什么意义呢?

The alternative to the waterfall method is "doing it the correct way".

Waterfall seems to make sense if you are on a factory floor assembly line. But I've never seen it work as part of the design process...and sofware development is ALL a design process. And so the waterfall method never really works in the sense that it doesn't help facilitate the creation of high quality product, but rather focuses on process. Process can be great, but what's the point if the product it produces is second rate?

终难愈 2024-09-08 07:07:57

看板和 Scrum 是瀑布最常用的两种替代方案。我试图对不同的 SDLC 方法

正如 APC 提到的,瀑布严重依赖于大量的整体相。这是一个巨大的弱点,因为试图从一开始就确定最终产品是徒劳的。

看板有点牛仔风格,但我发现如果你将它与站立会议结合起来,它肯定仍然有一席之地。

Scrum 非常适合向团队施加压力并获得门票所有权。我发现大多数地方都在采用这种做法,但它的缺点是有些人过分地召开会议来处理所有事情。 Sprint 计划会议、Sprint 启动会议、持续 1 小时、有 20 多人出席的每日站立会议、演示会议,最后是事后分析。

请记住,敏捷的好坏取决于您的实践,如果您疯狂地进行无限制的会议,而这些会议不会增加价值,那么您很容易就会沉迷于任何方法。尽可能保持精简而不混乱。

Kanban and Scrum are two of the most commonly used alternatives to Waterfall. I tried to give a good overview and comparison of the different SDLC approaches.

Waterfall relies heavily on massive monolithic phases as mentioned by APC. This is a huge weak point because trying to determine the end product from the start is a fruitless endeavor.

Kanban is slightly cowboy, but I find if you couple it with standups it certainly still has it's place.

Scrum is great for putting pressure on the team and getting ownership on tickets. I've found most places have been going with this one but the downfall of it is some people go overboard with having meetings for everything. Sprint planning meetings, sprint kickoff meetings, daily standup meetings that last 1 hour with 20+ people present, demo meetings, and then finally the post-mortem.

Remember that agile is only as good as you make it and you can easily sink any methodology if you go wild with unrestrained meetings which aren't adding value. Keep it as lean as you can without it being chaotic.

萌能量女王 2024-09-08 07:07:57

从我的头脑中,我可以想出一些方法来减轻瀑布模型的缺点:

  • 让编码人员专注于流程本身的自动化。自动执行一个步骤与另一个步骤之间的转换,以便更改或多或少自动进行。
  • 使流程更加双向。瀑布模型的一个主要特征是从上到下改变流量。这是一个单向过程,也是问题的一部分。

另一件有帮助的事情是(正如前面的答案中有人提到的那样)是让开发人员更好地理解所涉及的业务逻辑以及客户想要什么,并让客户获得有关开发特征的知识过程。

From the top of my head, I can think of ways to palliate the shortcomings of the waterfall model:

  • Have the coder concentrate on automating the process itself. Automate the transitions between one step and another, so that changes will flow more or less automatically.
  • Make the process more bidirectional. One principal characteristic in the waterfall model is that changes flow from top to bottom. This is a unidirectional process, and that is part of the problem.

Another thing which would help is (as someone mentioned in an earlier answer) is for the developer to gain a better understanding of the business logic involved, and of what the customer wants, and for the customer to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the development process.

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