最接近“私有静态最终”的 Ruby 表示形式和“公共静态最终”; Java中的类变量?
给定下面的 Java 代码,在 Ruby 类中最接近表示这两个 static final
变量的是什么?而且,Ruby 中是否可以像 Java 中那样区分 private static
和 public static
变量?
public class DeviceController
{
...
private static final Device myPrivateDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice");
public static final Device myPublicDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice");
...
public static void main(String args[])
{
...
}
}
Given the Java code below, what's the closest you could represent these two static final
variables in a Ruby class? And, is it possible in Ruby to distinguish between private static
and public static
variables as there is in Java?
public class DeviceController
{
...
private static final Device myPrivateDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice");
public static final Device myPublicDevice = Device.getDevice("mydevice");
...
public static void main(String args[])
{
...
}
}
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Ruby 中确实没有等效的构造。
然而,看起来您正在犯一个典型的移植错误:您在 A 语言中有一个解决方案,并尝试将其翻译成 B 语言,而您真正应该做的是找出解决方案 >问题,然后找出如何用语言 B 解决它。
我无法真正确定您要从那个小代码片段中解决的问题是什么,但这里有一个如何在 Ruby 中实现它的可能想法:
这是另一个:(
区别在于第一个示例是惰性的,它仅在第一次调用相应的属性读取器时初始化实例变量。第二个示例在类主体后立即初始化它们会被执行,即使它们从不需要,就像 Java 版本一样。)
让我们回顾一下这里的一些概念。
在 Ruby 中,就像在所有其他“适当的”(对于“适当的”的各种定义)面向对象语言中一样,状态(实例变量、字段、属性、槽、属性,无论您想如何称呼它们)总是< /em> 私有。 没有办法从外部访问它们。与对象通信的唯一方法是向其发送消息。
[注:每当我写“没办法”、“总是”、“唯一的办法”等之类的东西时,它实际上并不意味着“没有办法,除了反思”。在这种特殊情况下,例如,有
Object#instance_variable_set
。]换句话说:在 Ruby 中,变量始终是私有的,访问它们的唯一方法是通过 getter 和/或 setter 方法,或者,如 Ruby 中所称,属性读取器和/或写入器。
现在,我一直在写实例变量,但在Java示例中我们有静态字段,即类变量。嗯,在 Ruby 中,与 Java 不同,类也是对象。它们是 Class 类的实例,因此,就像任何其他对象一样,它们可以具有实例变量。因此,在 Ruby 中,类变量的等价物实际上只是一个标准实例变量,它属于一个恰好是类的对象。
(还有类层次结构变量,用双@符号
@@sigil
表示。这些真的很奇怪,你可能应该忽略它们。类层次结构变量在整个类层次结构中共享,即它们所属的类,其所有子类及其子类及其子类......以及所有这些类的所有实例实际上,它们更像是全局变量而不是类变量。 var 而不是@@var
,因为它们与全局变量的关系比实例变量更密切。它们并非完全无用,但很少有用。)因此,我们已经介绍了“field”部分(Java field == Ruby 实例变量),我们已经介绍了“public”和“private”部分(在 Ruby 中,实例变量始终是私有的,如果你想将它们设为公共,请使用公共 getter/setter方法)并且我们已经介绍了“静态”部分(Java 静态字段 == Ruby 类实例变量)。那么“最后”部分呢?
在 Java 中,“final”只是“const”的一种有趣的拼写方式,设计者避免使用这种方式,因为 C 和 C++ 等语言中的 const 关键字被巧妙地破坏了,他们不想让人们感到困惑。 Ruby确实有常量(以大写字母开头表示)。不幸的是,它们并不是真正恒定的,因为尝试修改它们,同时生成警告,实际上是有效的。因此,它们更多的是一种约定,而不是编译器强制执行的规则。然而,常量更重要的限制是它们始终是公共的。
所以,常量几乎是完美的:它们不能被修改(嗯,它们不应该被修改),即它们是
final
,它们属于一个类(或模块) ,即它们是静态的。但它们始终是public
,因此不幸的是它们不能用于建模private static final
字段。这正是思考问题而不是解决方案的关键所在。你想要什么?您想要
您可以实现所有这些,但方式与 Java 完全不同:
||=
复合赋值来仅分配一次唯一需要担心的是,你没有在任何地方分配给
@my_public_device
,或者更好的是,根本不访问它。始终使用 getter 方法。是的,这是实现中的一个漏洞。 Ruby 通常被称为“成年人的语言”或“成年人同意的语言”,这意味着您不必让编译器强制执行某些事情,而只需将它们放入文档中,并简单地相信您的开发人员同伴已经学会了接触其他内容人们的隐私是粗鲁的……
一种完全不同的隐私方法是函数式语言中使用的方法:使用闭包。闭包是关闭其词法环境的代码块,即使在该词法环境超出范围之后也是如此。这种实现私有状态的方法在Scheme中非常流行,但最近也被Douglas Crockford等人推广。对于 JavaScript。这是 Ruby 中的一个示例:
请注意我的答案顶部的版本之间微妙但重要的区别:缺少
@
符号。在这里,我们创建的是本地变量,而不是实例变量。一旦类主体结束,这些局部变量就会超出范围,并且永远无法再次访问。 只有定义两个 getter 方法的两个块仍然可以访问它们,因为它们关闭了类主体。现在,它们确实私有并且它们是最终
,因为整个程序中唯一仍然可以访问它们的是纯< em>getter 方法。这可能不是 Ruby 惯用的做法,但对于任何有 Lisp 或 JavaScript 背景的人来说都应该足够清楚了。它也非常优雅。
There really is no equivalent construct in Ruby.
However, it looks like you are making one of the classic porting mistakes: you have a solution in language A and try to translate that into language B, when what you really should do is figure out the problem and then figure out how to solve it in language B.
I can't really be sure what the problem is you are trying to solve from that small codesnippet, but here is one possible idea for how to implement it in Ruby:
Here's another:
(The difference is that the first example is lazy, it only initializes the instance variable when the corresponding attribute reader is first called. The second one initializes them as soon as the class body is executed, even if they are never needed, just like the Java version does.)
Let's go over some of the concepts here.
In Ruby, as in every other "proper" (for various definitions of "proper") object-oriented language, state (instance variables, fields, properties, slots, attributes, whatever you want to call them) is always private. There is no way to access them from the outside. The only way to communicate with an object is by sending it messages.
[Note: Whenever I write something like "no way", "always", "the only way" etc., it actually no means "no way, except for reflection". In this particular case, there is
Object#instance_variable_set
, for example.]In other words: in Ruby, variables are always private, the only way to access them is via a getter and/or setter method, or, as they are called in Ruby, an attribute reader and/or writer.
Now, I keep writing about instance variables, but in the Java example we have static fields, i.e. class variables. Well, in Ruby, unlike Java, classes are objects, too. They are instances of the
Class
class and so, just like any other object, they can have instance variables. So, in Ruby, the equivalent to a class variable is really just a standard instance variable which belongs to an object which just happens to be a class.(There are also class hierarchy variables, denoted with a double at sign
@@sigil
. Those are really weird, and you should probably just ignore them. Class hierarchy variables are shared across the entire class hierarchy, i.e. the class they belong to, all its subclasses and their subclasses and their subclasses ... and also all instances of all of those classes. Actually, they are more like global variables than class variables. They should really be called$$var
instead of@@var
, since they are much more closely related to global variables than instance variables. They are not entirely useless but only very rarely useful.)So, we have covered the "field" part (Java field == Ruby instance variable), we have covered the "public" and "private" parts (in Ruby, instance variables are always private, if you want to make them public, use a public getter/setter method) and we have covered the "static" part (Java static field == Ruby class instance variable). What about the "final" part?
In Java, "final" is just a funny way of spelling "const", which the designers avoided because the
const
keyword in languages like C and C++ is subtly broken and they didn't want to confuse people. Ruby does have constants (denoted by starting with a capital letter). Unfortunately, they are not really constant, because trying to modify them, while generating a warning, actually works. So, they are more of a convention than a compiler-enforced rule. However, the more important restriction of constants is that they are always public.So, constants are almost perfect: they cannot be modified (well, they shouldn't be modified), i.e. they are
final
, they belong to a class (or module), i.e. they arestatic
. But they are alwayspublic
, so unfortunately they cannot be used to modelprivate static final
fields.And this is exactly the point where thinking about problems instead of solutions comes in. What is it that you want? You want state that
You can achieve all of that, but in a completely different way than in Java:
||=
compound assignment to assign only onceThe only thing you have to worry about, is that you don't assign to
@my_public_device
anywhere, or better yet, don't access it at all. Always use the getter method.Yes, this is a hole in the implementation. Ruby is often called a "grown-up's language" or a "consenting adults language", which means that instead of having the compiler enforce certain things, you just put them in the documentation and simply trust that your fellow developers have learned that touching other people's privates is rude ...
A totally different approach to privacy is the one used in functional languages: use closures. Closures are blocks of code that close over their lexical environment, even after that lexical environment has gone out of scope. This method of implementing private state is very popular in Scheme, but has recently also been popularized by Douglas Crockford et al. for JavaScript. Here's an example in Ruby:
Note the subtle but important difference to the versions at the top of my answer: the lack of the
@
sigil. Here, we are creating local variables, not instance variables. As soon as the class body ends, those local variables fall out of scope and can never be accessed ever again. Only the two blocks which define the two getter methods still have access to them, because they close over the class body. Now, they are really private and they arefinal
, because the only thing in the entire program which still has access to them is a pure getter method.This is probably not idiomatic Ruby, but for anyone with a Lisp or JavaScript background it should be clear enough. It is also very elegant.
我能想到的最接近最终变量的方法是将相关变量作为模块的实例变量:
输出:
这里的技巧是,通过将设备封装到模块中,您只能通过该模块访问设备模块。在
Foo
类中,如果不直接作用于Device
类或,就无法修改您正在访问的设备FinalDevice
模块。FinalDevice
中的freeze
调用可能合适,也可能不合适,具体取决于您的需求。如果您想创建公共和私有访问器,您可以像这样修改
Foo
:在这种情况下,您可能需要修改
FinalDevice::get_device
来接受参数以及。更新:@banister 指出
FinalDevice
中声明的@fin
确实可以通过Foo
的实例访问。我懒惰地假设,由于它不在Foo#inspect
输出的默认文本中,所以它不在Foo
内。您可以通过更明确地使
@fin
成为FinalDevice
模块的实例变量来解决此问题:它会正确输出:
The closest thing I can think of to a final variable is to put the variable in question as an instance variable of a module:
This outputs:
The trick here is that by encapsulating the device into a module, you can only access the device through that module. From the class
Foo
, there's no way to modify which device you're accessing, without directly acting upon theDevice
class or theFinalDevice
module. Thefreeze
call inFinalDevice
may or may not be appropriate, depending on your needs.If you want to make a public and private accessor, you can modify
Foo
like this:In which case you'll probably need to modify
FinalDevice::get_device
to take an argument as well.Update: @banister has pointed out that
@fin
as declared inFinalDevice
is indeed accessible by an instance ofFoo
. I had lazily assumed that since it wasn't in the default text output byFoo#inspect
, it wasn't insideFoo
.You can remedy this by more explicitly making
@fin
an instance variable of theFinalDevice
module:Which correctly outputs:
是的,如果需要,
require 'device'
。尽管没有什么可以阻止您在其他地方重新定义常量,除了警告:)
And yeah,
require 'device'
if needed.Although nothing will stop you from redefining the constant somewhere else, except a warning :)
Ruby 中的私有静态:
Ruby 中的公共静态:
Ruby 不能有“final”:)
private static in Ruby:
public static in Ruby:
Ruby can have no 'final' :)