任何解决方案都是正确的解决方案吗?
在解决了我已经困扰了一段时间的编程挑战后,我总是对自己说:“它有效,这就足够了”。
在我看来,我认为这并不是真正正确的心态,并且我认为我应该始终尝试以最佳性能进行编码。
不管怎样,话虽如此,我只是尝试了一个ProjectEuler问题。具体来说就是问题#2。
我该如何改进这个解决方案。我觉得它真的很冗长。就像我在递归中传递前一个数字一样。
<?php
/* Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two
terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
Find the sum of all the even-valued terms in the sequence which do not exceed
four million.
*/
function fibonacci ( $number, $previous = 1 ) {
global $answer;
$fibonacci = $number + $previous;
if($fibonacci > 4000000) return;
if($fibonacci % 2 == 0) {
$answer = is_numeric($answer) ? $answer + $fibonacci : $fibonacci;
}
return fibonacci($fibonacci, $number);
}
fibonacci(1);
echo $answer;
?>
请注意,这不是家庭作业。我几百年前就离开了学校。我只是觉得无聊,正在研究欧拉计划的问题
I always think to myself after solving a programming challenge that I have been tied up with for some time, "It works, thats good enough".
I don't think this is really the correct mindset, in my opinion and I think I should always be trying to code with the greatest performance.
Anyway, with this said, I just tried a ProjectEuler question. Specifically question #2.
How could I have improved this solution. I feel like its really verbose. Like I'm passing the previous number in recursion.
<?php
/* Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two
terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
Find the sum of all the even-valued terms in the sequence which do not exceed
four million.
*/
function fibonacci ( $number, $previous = 1 ) {
global $answer;
$fibonacci = $number + $previous;
if($fibonacci > 4000000) return;
if($fibonacci % 2 == 0) {
$answer = is_numeric($answer) ? $answer + $fibonacci : $fibonacci;
}
return fibonacci($fibonacci, $number);
}
fibonacci(1);
echo $answer;
?>
Note this isn't homework. I left school hundreds of years ago. I am just feeling bored and going through the Project Euler questions
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Code Complete 中介绍的经典内容之一是,程序员在给定目标的情况下,可以创建“最佳”计算机程序使用许多指标之一,但不可能同时优化所有参数。代码
随意优化这些参数中的任何一个,但请记住同时优化所有参数时间可能会让人沮丧,或者导致系统设计过度。
你应该问自己:你的目标是什么?在这种情况下什么是“足够好”?如果您只是在学习并想让事情变得更加优化,请务必去做,只是要注意,一个完美的程序需要无限的时间来构建,而时间本身就是有价值的。
One of the classic things presented in Code Complete is that programmers, given a goal, can create an "optimum" computer program using one of many metrics, but its impossible to optimize for all of the parameters at once. Parameters such as
Feel free to optimize for any one of these parameters, but keep in mind that optimizing for all of them at the same time can be an exercise in frustration, or result in an overdesigned system.
You should ask yourself: what are your goals? What is "good enough" in this situation? If you're just learning and want to make things more optimized, by all means go for it, just be aware that a perfect program takes infinite time to build, and time is valuable in and of itself.
您可以通过执行三次操作(每三个元素是偶数)来避免 mod 2 部分,因此它显示为:
$斐波那契 = 3*$数字 + 2*$前一个;
斐波那契的新输入是 ($fibonnacci,2*$number+$previous)
我对 php 不熟悉,所以这只是一般算法建议,我不知道这是否是正确的语法。这实际上是相同的运算,只是用一些乘法代替了模数和加法。
另外,请确保以 $number 为偶数开始,将 $previous 作为序列中位于其前面的奇数开始(您可以以 $number 为 2 开始,$previous 为 1,并且总和也从 2 开始) 。
You can avoid the mod 2 section by doing the operation three times (every third element is even), so that it reads:
$fibonacci = 3*$number + 2*$previous;
and the new input to fibonacci is ($fibonnacci,2*$number+$previous)
I'm not familiar with php, so this is just general algorithm advice, I don't know if it's the right syntax. It's practically the same operation, it just substitutes a few multiplications for moduluses and additions.
Also, make sure that you start with $number as even and the $previous as the odd one that precedes it in the sequence (you could start with $number as 2, $previous as 1, and have the sum also start at 2).
忘记斐波那契(问题2),我说的是欧拉的前进。不要浪费时间寻找每个问题的最佳代码。
如果您的答案达到一分钟规则,那么您就可以尝试下一个。在出现几个问题之后,事情会变得更加困难,您将在编写代码时优化代码以实现该目标
Forget about Fibonacci (Problem 2), i say just advance in Euler. Don't waste time finding the optimal code for every question.
If your answer achieves the One minute rule then you are good to try the next one. After few problems, things will get harder and you will be optimizing the code while you write to achieve that goal
这里的其他人也说过“这是示例问题与实际业务问题的问题的一部分”
由于多种原因,这个问题的答案很难回答:
我想最重要的是,如果您认为这是一个好的解决方案,并且您的客户/采购商/团队等同意,那么它目前是一个好的解决方案。您将来可能会改变主意,但目前这是一个很好的解决方案。
Others on here have said it as well "This is part of the problem with example questions vs real business problems"
The answer to that question is very difficult to answer for a number of reasons:
I guess the bottom line is if you think its a good solution, and your customer/purchaser/team/etc agree then its a good solution for the time. You might change your mind in the future but for now its a good solution.
使用解决问题的代码执行时间不应超过一分钟的准则。在我看来,这是欧拉问题中最重要的事情。
除此之外,只需确保它是可读的 - 确保您可以轻松地看到代码是如何工作的。这样,如果您遇到像您解决的欧拉问题之一这样的问题,您可以更轻松地了解事情是如何运作的,这反过来又可以让您更快地解决该问题 - 因为您已经知道应该如何解决它。
你可以为自己设定其他标准,但我认为这超出了欧拉问题的意图——对我来说,问题的背景似乎比其他任何东西都更适合关注效率和可读性
Use the guideline that the code to solve the problem shouldn't take more than about a minute to execute. That's the most important thing for Euler problems, IMO.
Beyond that, just make sure it's readable - make sure that you can easily see how the code works. This way, you can more easily see how things worked if you ever get a problem like one of the Euler problems you solved, which in turn lets you solve that problem more quickly - because you already know how you should solve it.
You can set other criteria for yourself, but I think that's going above and beyond the intention of Euler problems - to me, the context of the problems seem far more suitable for focusing on efficiency and readability than anything else
我实际上并没有对此进行测试......但在将其称为“完成”之前,我个人会尝试在此解决方案中解决一些问题。
通过使用 sum 参数实现递归来尽可能避免全局变量
编辑:根据 nnythm 的算法推荐进行更新(酷!)
I didn't actually test this ... but there was something i personally would have attempted to solve in this solution before calling it "done".
Avoiding globals as much as possible by implementing recursion with a sum argument
EDIT: Update according to nnythm's algorithm recommendation (cool!)
[耸肩]
解决方案应该根据需求进行评估。如果所有的要求都满足了,那么其他的一切都是moxy的。如果满足所有要求,并且您个人对解决方案不满意,那么也许需要重新评估需求。这就是你能接受这个形而上学问题的最大程度了,因为我们开始讨论项目管理和业务之类的事情:咳咳
,关于你的欧拉项目问题,我只需要两便士:
例如
,也许需要更多行代码,但[实际上]保证会更快。迭代方法并不那么“优雅”,但可以节省递归方法调用并节省堆栈空间。其次,展开项生成(即显式扩展循环)减少了必须执行模数运算和测试“偶数”条件的次数。扩展还可以减少结束条件[如果当前项小于限制]的计算次数。
它是“更好”吗?不,这只是“另一种”解决方案。
对于 C# 的歉意,不熟悉 php,但我相信你可以很好地翻译它。
希望这有帮助,:)
干杯
[shrug]
A solution should be evaluated by the requirements. If all requirements are satisfied, then everything else is moxy. If all requirements are met, and you are personally dissatisfied with the solution, then perhaps the requirements need re-evaluation. That's about as far as you can take this meta-physical question, because we start getting into things like project management and business :S
Ahem, regarding your Euler-Project question, just my two-pence:
For example
So, perhaps more lines of code, but [practically] guaranteed to be faster. An iterative approach is not as "elegant", but saves recursive method calls and saves stack space. Second, unrolling term generation [that is, explicitly expanding a loop] reduces the number of times you would have had to perform modulus operation and test "is even" conditional. Expanding also reduces the number of times your end conditional [if current term is less than limit] is evaluated.
Is it "better", no, it's just "another" solution.
Apologies for the C#, not familiar with php, but I am sure you could translate it fairly well.
Hope this helps, :)
Cheers
无论您对解决方案感到满意还是想要进一步改进它,这完全是您的选择。有许多项目欧拉问题,其中暴力解决方案将花费太长时间,并且您必须寻找聪明的算法。
问题2不需要任何优化。您的解决方案已经足够快了。
还是让我解释一下什么样的优化是可能的。对这个主题进行一些研究通常会有所帮助。例如 斐波那契数 上的 wiki 页面包含此公式
其中 phi 是黄金比例。 IE
如果您使用 fib(n) 大约为 phi^n/sqrt(5) 那么您可以找到小于 M 的最大斐波那契数的索引
例如,对于 M=4000000,我们得到 n=33,因此 fib(33) 是小于 4000000 的最大斐波那契数。可以观察到,即使 n 是 3 的倍数,fib(n) 也是偶数。因此偶数之和斐波那契数列是
要找到闭合形式,我们使用维基百科页面中的上述公式并注意:
总和本质上只是两个几何级数。数学并不是完全微不足道的,但使用这些想法可以证明:
由于 fib(n) 的大小为 O(n),因此直接解的复杂度为 O(n^2)。
使用上面的封闭公式和快速方法来评估斐波那契数
复杂度为 O(n log(n)^(1+epsilon))。对于数量较少的情况,这两种解决方案当然都可以。
It is completely your choice, whether you are happy with a solution or whether you want to improve it further. There are many project Euler problems where a brute force solution would take too long, and where you will have to look for a clever algorithm.
Problem 2 doesn't require any optimisation. Your solution is already more than fast enough.
Still let me explain what kind of optimisation is possible. Often it helps to do some research on the subject. E.g. the wiki page on Fibonacci numbers contains this formula
where phi is the golden ratio. I.e.
If you use that fib(n) is approximately phi^n/sqrt(5) then you can find the index of the largest Fibonacci number smaller than M by
E.g. for M=4000000, we get n=33, hence fib(33) the largest Fibonacci number smaller than 4000000. It can be observed that fib(n) is even if n is a multiple of 3. Hence the sum of the even Fibonacci numbers is
To find a closed form we use the formula above from the wikipedia page and notice that
the sum is essentially just two geometric series. The math isn't completely trivial, but using these ideas it can be shown that
Since fib(n) has size O(n), the straight forward solution has a complexity of O(n^2).
Using the closed formula above together with a fast method to evaluate Fibonacci numbers
has a complexity of O(n log(n)^(1+epsilon)). For small numbers either solution is of course fine.