大脑无法理解设计实时应用程序的设计模式
我给自己设定了实现实时 MIDI 应用程序的任务。与我迄今为止编写的所有其他软件一样,我也是从编码开始的。我实现了一个微型 GUI (GTK2) 应用程序,可以控制 Jack Audio Connection Kit 及其客户端的传输状态。
我以前从未写过实时应用程序,只写过一个多线程程序。这两个细节结合在一起,对我来说是一个巨大的挑战,因为我迄今为止编写的所有软件都不需要我先设计它。我只是偶尔需要笔和纸来解决问题。
然而,这个项目不允许我继续编码。但我对软件设计几乎一无所知,我是自学的(不包括 20 世纪 90 年代中期的 2 年计算机研究课程)。我总是循序渐进地工作,让一些东西发挥作用,然后在此基础上继续发展。
在我的研究过程中,我遇到了模型视图控制器模式,但我发现很难不考虑细节,并且无法找到任何可以构建的基础,除非发现导致一切崩溃的问题。
我需要建议来克服这个障碍。我需要停止寻找让我失去思路的干扰。这是干扰之一。我怎样才能越过这个障碍?
I've set myself the task of implementing a real time MIDI application. Like all the other software I've written to date, I began by coding. I implemented a tiny GUI (GTK2) application that can control the transport state of the Jack Audio Connection Kit and its clients.
I have never written a real-time application before, and have only ever written one multi-threaded program. Both of these details combine to make this a substantial challenge for me as all the software I have written to date, has not required me to design it first. I've only occasionally needed a pen and paper to work things out.
This project however, won't let me proceed by coding. But I know next to nothing about software design, I am self taught (discounting a 2 yr computer studies course in the mid 1990s). I've always worked stepwise, getting something working and then building upon it.
During my research I've come across the Model View Controller pattern but I'm finding it really difficult to not think about details, and can't find any foundation to build upon without finding problems which bring it all tumbling down.
I need advice to get past this block. I need to stop finding distractions which loose my train of thought. This is one of the distractions. How do I get past this block?
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从广义上讲,“软件设计”是将手头的问题分解为一系列模块的过程,并指定每个模块的职责是什么,以及每个模块应如何与其他模块通信(如果有的话)。
有多种方法可以进行此活动。考虑到这是您第一次尝试,请让事情尽可能简单:拿一些纸和一支笔。
第一步:写下新应用程序必须能够执行的任务列表。
之后,尝试将您认为逻辑上属于同一组的任务分组到不同的组中。
对于每个子集,找到一个名称,将其写在空白纸上(一张纸代表子集),并更详细地描述该模块的功能,包括它应该处理哪种类型的数据和/或与其他数据交换。其中每一个都是“模块设计纸”
在另一张空白纸上为每个子集画一个框,用正确的名称标记它,并尝试从一个框到另一个框绘制箭头,每个箭头应该有一个名称并代表您的一个模块调用另一个。我们将其称为您的模块“界面设计论文”。
仔细检查您的模块描述以及它们应向其他模块提供的接口,并查看这是否需要更改原始任务列表以及这如何影响它们管理的数据。
如果模块对您来说太复杂/太大,则可以迭代地细分。如果你把一个模块分成子模块,只需再画一张界面设计纸,记住子模块的总和应该能够完成你最初为模块设想的所有任务,并能够回答其余模块的请求。系统。
另请参阅 CRC 卡了解更多详细信息。
In very broad terms, "software design" is the process in which you decompose the problem at hand in a series of module, and specify what each module responsibility are, and how each module should communicate with the other modules (if at all).
There are various ways to proceed with this activity. Considering this would be your first attempt at it, keep things as simple as possible: grab some paper sheets and a pen.
First step: write down a list of tasks that your new application must be able to execute.
After this try to group the tasks in different sets that you think belong logically together.
For each subset, find a name, write it on blank sheet (one for subset) and describe what the module does in a little more detail, including which type of data it should work on and/or exchange with others. Each of these is a "module design paper"
On another blank sheet draw a box for each subset, label it with the proper name, and try drawing arrows from one box to the other, each arrow should have a name and represents one of your module calling another. Let's call this your module "interface design paper".
Double check your modules description with the interfaces they should offer to other modules, and see if this requires change to the original task list and how this affects the data they manage.
Modules can be subdivided iteratively if they look too complex/big to you. Just draw another interface design paper if you split a module in submodules, and remember that the sum of the submodules should be able to carry on all the tasks you had originally envisioned for your module, and be able to answer the requests of the rest of the system.
See also CRC cards for more detail.
针对这个问题已经写的答案很好,但没有一个提到实时软件开发中最独特的部分:实时技术要求。
您需要准确地弄清楚您的软件需要如何响应,它可以容纳多大的内存占用,启动速度有多快,以及可执行文件有多大。如果您使用的是普通 PC,则内存要求对您来说可能不那么重要,但无论您的目标平台是什么,运行时速度要求都很重要。
如果您的高级技术要求“足够好,让用户满意”,那么您只需担心低级技术要求 - 基本上,您的目标计算机,您的目标操作系统和您的第三个 -当事人图书馆可以处理。
听起来您已经编写了一些低级代码。我建议编写其余的硬件/操作系统/库接口代码,并为每个部分计时,无论是错误情况还是顺利的路径。这将使您更好地了解代码应如何处理其每个接口。 (例如:此实用程序调用的超时时间足够长,足以使我的应用程序备份!我最好在调用它之前看看是否可以缩短超时时间或进行更好的错误检查!)
最后,最实时软件被编写为一个循环,如下所示:
这有一些变化(定期回调而不是等待),但这是总体思路。
The answers already written for this question are great but none of them mention the most unique part of real-time software development: the real-time technical requirements.
You need to figure out exactly how responsive your software needs to be, how large of a memory footprint it may hold, how fast boot-up may be, and how large the executable may be. The if you're on a normal PC, the memory requirements may not be as important to you, but the run-time speed requirements will be important whatever your target platform is.
If your high-level technical requirements are "good enough that the user is happy", then you'll only have to worry about the low-level technical requirements -- basically, what your target computer, your target OS, and your third-party libraries can handle.
It sounds like you've written some low-level code already. I would recommend writing the rest of your hardware/OS/library interface code and time each piece of it, both for error conditions and the happy path. This will give you a much better idea how your code should treat each of its interfaces. (For example: The timeout on this utility call is long enough to make my application back up! I'd better see if I can shorten the timeout or have some better error-checking before I call it!)
Finally, most real-time software is written as a loop something like so:
There are variations on this (periodic callbacks instead of waits), but that's the general idea.
一种方法是与熟悉设计模式和设计软件的人讨论您的需求并非常草率地勾画出设计。在此过程中,您可以讨论所应用的设计模式的概念。
One way would be to discuss your requirements and very ruffly scetch out a design with someone who is familiar with designpattern and designing software. During this process you could discuss the concepts of the applied designpattern.