尝试在核心动画中使用透视变换失败

发布于 2024-08-22 02:13:54 字数 2253 浏览 4 评论 0原文

我正在尝试创建一个简单的 iPhone 应用程序,该应用程序显示下面带有反射的图片,并且我想使用 Core Animation 绕 X 轴旋转图片。

我首先使用“基于视图的应用程序”模板创建一个新的 iPhone 应用程序。我添加了一个“Picture.jpg”图像文件,然后将其添加到视图控制器中:

- (void)awakeFromNib {
    CGFloat zDistance = 1500.0f;

    // Create perspective transformation
    CATransform3D transform = CATransform3DIdentity;
    transform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create perspective transform for reflected layer
    CATransform3D reflectedTransform = CATransform3DMakeRotation(M_PI, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create spinning picture
    CALayer *spinningLayer = [CALayer layer];
    spinningLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    spinningLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    spinningLayer.transform = transform;    

    // Create reflection of spinning picture
    CALayer *reflectionLayer = [CALayer layer];
    reflectionLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 360.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    reflectionLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    reflectionLayer.opacity = 0.4f;
    reflectionLayer.transform = reflectedTransform;

    // Add layers to the root layer
    [self.view.layer addSublayer:spinningLayer];
    [self.view.layer insertSublayer:reflectionLayer below:spinningLayer];

    // Spin the layers
    CABasicAnimation *anim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    anim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    anim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(2 * M_PI)];
    anim.duration = 3.0f;
    anim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [spinningLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];
    [reflectionLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];
}

几乎可以工作。问题在于主图像和反射的旋转并不完全同步。它非常接近完美,但图片底部的边缘和反射顶部的边缘相距几个像素。它们似乎存在一些程度的差异。

在屏幕的左侧,倒影似乎位于图片的“前方”,而在右侧,倒影则位于图片的“前方”。换句话说,看起来顶部图像的底角被推向屏幕,而反射的顶角被拉向观看者。当图像旋转时观察图像的正面和背面时都是如此。

如果我增加 zDistance,效果就不那么明显了。如果我通过将两个层的 transform.m34 都设置为零来完全消除透视变换,那么图片和反射看起来会完美同步。所以我不认为这个问题与时间同步问题有关。

我怀疑我的视角转换遗漏了一些东西,但我不确定如何确定哪里出了问题。我想我基本上正在做这个相关的Stack Overflow问题中描述的相同转换。

有人可以帮忙吗?

I'm trying to create a simple iPhone app that displays a picture with a reflection beneath, and I want to rotate the picture around the X axis, using Core Animation.

I've started by creating a new iPhone app using the "View-based Application" template. I added a "Picture.jpg" image file, and then I added this to the view controller:

- (void)awakeFromNib {
    CGFloat zDistance = 1500.0f;

    // Create perspective transformation
    CATransform3D transform = CATransform3DIdentity;
    transform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create perspective transform for reflected layer
    CATransform3D reflectedTransform = CATransform3DMakeRotation(M_PI, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create spinning picture
    CALayer *spinningLayer = [CALayer layer];
    spinningLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    spinningLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    spinningLayer.transform = transform;    

    // Create reflection of spinning picture
    CALayer *reflectionLayer = [CALayer layer];
    reflectionLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 360.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    reflectionLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    reflectionLayer.opacity = 0.4f;
    reflectionLayer.transform = reflectedTransform;

    // Add layers to the root layer
    [self.view.layer addSublayer:spinningLayer];
    [self.view.layer insertSublayer:reflectionLayer below:spinningLayer];

    // Spin the layers
    CABasicAnimation *anim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    anim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    anim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(2 * M_PI)];
    anim.duration = 3.0f;
    anim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [spinningLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];
    [reflectionLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];
}

This almost works. The problem is that the spinning of the main picture and of the reflection are not perfectly synchronized. It's very close to perfect, but the edges of the bottom of the picture and of top of the reflection are a few pixels apart. They appear to differ by a few degrees.

On the left side of the screen, the reflection seems to be "ahead" of the picture, and on the right side, the reflection is behind the picture. In other words, it looks like the bottom corners of the top image are pushed toward the screen, while the top corners of the reflection are pulled toward the viewer. This is true both when looking at the front and at the back of the images as they spin.

If I increase zDistance, the effect is less noticeable. If I eliminate the perspective transformations altogether by leaving transform.m34 equal to zero for both layers, then the picture and reflection look to be perfectly synchronized. So I don't think the problem is related to time-synchronization issues.

I suspect my perspective transformations are missing something, but I'm not sure how to determine what's wrong. I think I'm basically doing the same transformation described in this related Stack Overflow question.

Can someone help?

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评论(2

余罪 2024-08-29 02:13:54

我想我可能已经找到了我的问题的答案。在我的原始代码中,我通过将其放置在图片下方并应用翻转和透视来创建反射。正确的方法似乎是将反射放置在与图片相同的位置,应用平移和旋转变换以使其到达正确的位置,然后应用透视变换。

当制作旋转动画时,需要以与图片动画相反的方向旋转反射。

所以,这是有效的代码:

- (void)awakeFromNib {
    CGFloat zDistance = 1500.0f;

    // Create perspective transformation
    CATransform3D transform = CATransform3DIdentity;
    transform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create perspective transform for reflected layer
    CATransform3D reflectedTransform = CATransform3DMakeTranslation(0.0f, 300.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform = CATransform3DRotate(reflectedTransform, M_PI, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create spinning picture
    CALayer *spinningLayer = [CALayer layer];
    spinningLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    spinningLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    spinningLayer.transform = transform;    

    // Create reflection of spinning picture
    CALayer *reflectionLayer = [CALayer layer];
    reflectionLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    reflectionLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    reflectionLayer.opacity = 0.4f;
    reflectionLayer.transform = reflectedTransform;

    // Add layers to the root layer
    [self.view.layer addSublayer:spinningLayer];
    [self.view.layer insertSublayer:reflectionLayer below:spinningLayer];

    // Spin the layers
    CABasicAnimation *anim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    anim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    anim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(2 * M_PI)];
    anim.duration = 3.0f;
    anim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [spinningLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];

    CABasicAnimation *reflectAnim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    reflectAnim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    reflectAnim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(-2 * M_PI)];
    reflectAnim.duration = 3.0f;
    reflectAnim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [reflectionLayer addAnimation:reflectAnim forKey:@"reflectAnim"];
}

我不确定为什么会有效。对我来说,将反射放置在与原始图像相同的位置,然后以某种方式对其进行变换,将两个图像放入相同的“变换空间”中,这是很直观的,但如果有人能够解释其背后的数学原理,我将不胜感激。

完整的项目可以在 GitHub 上找到:https://github.com/kristopherjohnson/perspectivetest

I think I may have found an answer to my question. In my original code, I created the reflection by placing it underneath the picture, and applying the flip and perspective. The right way to do it seems to be to place the reflection at the same position as the picture, apply translation and rotation transforms to get it to the right place, and then apply the perspective transformation.

When animating the spin, it is necessary to spin the reflection in the opposite direction of the picture's animation.

So, here's code that works:

- (void)awakeFromNib {
    CGFloat zDistance = 1500.0f;

    // Create perspective transformation
    CATransform3D transform = CATransform3DIdentity;
    transform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create perspective transform for reflected layer
    CATransform3D reflectedTransform = CATransform3DMakeTranslation(0.0f, 300.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform = CATransform3DRotate(reflectedTransform, M_PI, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    reflectedTransform.m34 = 1.0f / -zDistance;

    // Create spinning picture
    CALayer *spinningLayer = [CALayer layer];
    spinningLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    spinningLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    spinningLayer.transform = transform;    

    // Create reflection of spinning picture
    CALayer *reflectionLayer = [CALayer layer];
    reflectionLayer.frame = CGRectMake(60.0f, 60.0f, 200.0f, 300.0f);
    reflectionLayer.contents = (id)[UIImage imageNamed:@"Picture.jpg"].CGImage;
    reflectionLayer.opacity = 0.4f;
    reflectionLayer.transform = reflectedTransform;

    // Add layers to the root layer
    [self.view.layer addSublayer:spinningLayer];
    [self.view.layer insertSublayer:reflectionLayer below:spinningLayer];

    // Spin the layers
    CABasicAnimation *anim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    anim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    anim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(2 * M_PI)];
    anim.duration = 3.0f;
    anim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [spinningLayer addAnimation:anim forKey:@"anim"];

    CABasicAnimation *reflectAnim = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform.rotation.y"];
    reflectAnim.fromValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:0.0f];
    reflectAnim.toValue = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(-2 * M_PI)];
    reflectAnim.duration = 3.0f;
    reflectAnim.repeatCount = 1e100f;
    [reflectionLayer addAnimation:reflectAnim forKey:@"reflectAnim"];
}

I'm not sure exactly why this works. It makes intuitive sense to me that placing the reflection at the same position as the original and then transforming it somehow puts the two images into the same "transformation space", but I'd appreciate it if someone could explain the mathematics behind this.

The full project is available at GitHub: https://github.com/kristopherjohnson/perspectivetest

我的奇迹 2024-08-29 02:13:54

您可以使用 CAAnimationGroup 对象在同一时间空间上运行两个动画。这应该可以解决任何同步问题。

编辑:删除了愚蠢的代码。

You can use a CAAnimationGroup object to run two animations on the same time space. That should take care of any synchronization issues.

EDIT: removed silly code.

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