电子围栏的局部最优
我正在为 Usaco 问题“电围栏”编写一个解决方案。 在该问题中,您必须在大量线段中找到点的最佳位置,因此点线段距离之和尽可能最小。
我有一个想法,也许可以进行爬山,并且它适用于所有测试用例。给定的分析使用了类似的方法,但没有解释为什么这种方法有效。
因此,我仍然无法证明或反驳给定任务中局部最优的存在。我有一个想法,可以使用归纳法来完成,但我一直无法使其发挥作用。你能帮助我吗?
更新定义
给定一组 (x1,y1,x2,y2) 线段,找到 (x,y) 点 P,从而最小化函数:
def Val(x,y):
d = 0
for x1,y1,x2,y2 in LineSegments:
if triangle (x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y) is not obtuse in (x1,y1) or (x2,y2):
d += DistPointToLine(x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2)
else:
d += min(DistPointToPoint(x,y,x1,y1), DistPointToPoint(x,y,x2,y2))
return d
由于某种原因,问题仅包含一个局部最优值,并且因此可以使用以下过程来解决它:
precision = ((-0.1,0), (0.1,0), (0,-0.1), (0,0.1))
def Solve(precision=0.1):
x = 0; y = 0
best = Val(x,y)
while True:
for dx,dy in precision:
if Val(x+dx, y+dy) > best:
x += dx; y += dy
best = Val(x,y)
break
else:
break
return (x,y)
问题是:为什么这不会在实现全局最优的过程中陷入困境?为什么没有本地山顶来将这个简单的过程带到它的膝盖?
I'm writing a solution for the Usaco problem "Electric Fences".
In the problem you have to find the optimal location for a point among a large amount of linesegments, so the sum of point-linesegment distances is smallest possible.
I had an idea, that it might be possible to do a hillclimb, and it worked for all testcases. The given analysis used a similar method, but it did not explain why this would work.
Thus I'm still unable to either prove or disprove the existence of local optimums in the given tasks. I had an idea that it could be done using induction, but I haven't been able to make it work. Can you help me?
Updated definition
Given a set of (x1,y1,x2,y2) linesegments find the (x,y) point P, that minimizes the function:
def Val(x,y):
d = 0
for x1,y1,x2,y2 in LineSegments:
if triangle (x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y) is not obtuse in (x1,y1) or (x2,y2):
d += DistPointToLine(x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2)
else:
d += min(DistPointToPoint(x,y,x1,y1), DistPointToPoint(x,y,x2,y2))
return d
By some reason the problem contains only one local optima, and thus the following procedure can be used to solve it:
precision = ((-0.1,0), (0.1,0), (0,-0.1), (0,0.1))
def Solve(precision=0.1):
x = 0; y = 0
best = Val(x,y)
while True:
for dx,dy in precision:
if Val(x+dx, y+dy) > best:
x += dx; y += dy
best = Val(x,y)
break
else:
break
return (x,y)
The questions is: Why does this not get stuck somewhere on the way to the global optimum? Why is there no local hilltops to bring this naive procedure to its knees?
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如果我们注意到单线段的距离函数是一个凸函数,那么很容易证明算法的正确性。在这种情况下,凸意味着如果我们将距离函数视为表面 z=f(x,y),那么如果我们填充表面上方的体积,我们就会得到一个凸实体。在距单条线段的距离的情况下,实体看起来像具有圆锥形末端的三角形楔子。
由于凸函数之和也是凸的,那么多条线的距离之和线段也将是凸函数。因此,由于函数是凸函数,您找到的任何局部最小值也必须是全局最小值。
It is easy to prove the algorithm's correctness if we notice that the distance function for a single line segment is a convex function. Convex in this case means that if we think of the distance function as a surface z=f(x,y), then if we filled in the volume above the surface, we'd have a convex solid. In the case of the distance from a single line segment, the solid would look like a triangular wedge with conical ends.
Since the sum of convex functions is also convex, then the sum of distances from multiple line segments will also be a convex function. Therefore, any local minimum you find must also be a global minimum by virtue of the function being convex.