使用元类与多重继承相结合的类型错误
我有两个关于元类和多重继承的问题。第一个是:为什么我会在 Derived
类中得到 TypeError 而在 Derived2
中却没有?
class Metaclass(type): pass
class Klass(object):
__metaclass__ = Metaclass
#class Derived(object, Klass): pass # if I uncomment this, I get a TypeError
class OtherClass(object): pass
class Derived2(OtherClass, Klass): pass # I do not get a TypeError for this
确切的错误消息是:
TypeError:调用元类基时出错 无法为基础对象创建一致的方法解析顺序(MRO),Klass
第二个问题是:为什么 super
在这种情况下不起作用(如果我使用 __init__
> 而不是 __new__
,super
再次工作):
class Metaclass(type):
def __new__(self, name, bases, dict_):
return super(Metaclass, self).__new__(name, bases, dict_)
class Klass(object):
__metaclass__ = Metaclass
我得到:
TypeError:调用元类基类类型时出错.__new__(X): X 不是类型对象 (str)
我正在使用 Python 2.6。
I have two questions converning metaclasses and multiple inheritance. The first is: Why do I get a TypeError for the class Derived
but not for Derived2
?
class Metaclass(type): pass
class Klass(object):
__metaclass__ = Metaclass
#class Derived(object, Klass): pass # if I uncomment this, I get a TypeError
class OtherClass(object): pass
class Derived2(OtherClass, Klass): pass # I do not get a TypeError for this
The exact error message is:
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
Cannot create a consistent method resolution order (MRO) for bases object, Klass
The second question is: Why does super
not work in this case(if I use __init__
instead of __new__
, super
works again):
class Metaclass(type):
def __new__(self, name, bases, dict_):
return super(Metaclass, self).__new__(name, bases, dict_)
class Klass(object):
__metaclass__ = Metaclass
There I get:
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases type.__new__(X):
X is not a type object (str)
I'm using Python 2.6.
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第二个问题已经得到了两次很好的回答,尽管
__new__
实际上是一个静态方法,而不是评论中错误声称的类方法......:第一个问题(正如有人指出的)与元类:您根本不能按此顺序从任何两个类 A 和 B 乘法继承,其中 B 是 AE 的子类:
MRO 保证最左边的基数先于最右边的基数访问 - 但它也保证在祖先中如果 x 是 a y 的子类,然后 x 在 y 之前被访问。在这种情况下不可能同时满足这两个保证。当然,这些保证是有充分理由的:如果没有它们(例如,在旧式类中,仅保证方法解析中的左右顺序,不子类约束),x 中的所有重写都将被忽略支持 y 中的定义,但这没有多大意义。想一想:首先从
object
继承,然后再从其他类继承,这意味着什么?该对象(本质上不存在;-)其几个特殊方法的定义必须优先于其他类的定义,从而导致其他类的重写被忽略?The second question has already been well answered twice, though
__new__
is actually a staticmethod, not a classmethod as erroneously claimed in a comment...:The first question (as somebody noted) has nothing to do with metaclasses: you simply can't multiply inherit from any two classes A and B in this order where B is a subclass of A. E.g.:
The MRO guarantees that leftmost bases are visited before rightmost ones - but it also guarantees that among ancestors if x is a subclass of y then x is visited before y. It's impossible to satisfy both of these guarantees in this case. There's a good reason for these guarantees of course: without them (e.g. in old style classes, which only guarantee the left-right order in method resolution, not the subclass constraint) all overrides in x would be ignored in favor of the definitions in y, and that can't make much sense. Think about it: what does it mean to inherit from
object
first, and from some other class second? Thatobject
's (essentially nonexistent;-) definition of its several special methods must take precedence over the other class's, causing the other class's overrides to be ignored?第一个问题,看一下python中MRO的说明 - 具体来说,“错误的方法解析顺序”部分。本质上,这是因为 python 不知道是使用对象还是 Klass 的方法。 (这与元类的使用无关。)
对于第二个问题,您似乎误解了
__new__
函数的工作原理。它不采用对自身的引用作为第一个参数 - 它采用对正在实例化的类的类型的引用。所以你的代码应该是这样的:For the first question, have a look at the description of MRO in python - specifically, the "bad Method Resolution order" section. Essentially, it's to do with the fact that python doesn't know whether to use object or Klass's methods. (It's nothing to do with the usage of metaclasses.)
For the second question, it looks like you're misunderstanding how the
__new__
function works. It doesn't take a reference to itself as the first argument - it takes a reference to the type of the class being instantiated. So your code should look like this:对于第二个问题,您需要将 self 传递给
__new__
,如下所示:我记不起这是为什么,但我认为这是因为
type.__new__
code> 不是绑定方法,因此不会神奇地获得 self 参数。For the second question, you need to pass self to
__new__
like this:I can't recall off the top of my head why this is, but I think it's because
type.__new__
isn't a bound method and thus doesn't magically get the self argument.你为什么要这么做?
Klass 已经派生自 object。
这里是合理的事情。
Why would you do?
Klass already derives from object.
Is the reasonable thing here.