帮助我理解不使用递归的有序遍历

发布于 2024-08-19 04:46:53 字数 1311 浏览 5 评论 0原文

我能够在不使用递归的情况下理解前序遍历,但我很难理解中序遍历。也许我只是似乎不明白,因为我还没有理解递归的内部工作原理。

这是我到目前为止所尝试过的:

def traverseInorder(node):
    lifo = Lifo()
    lifo.push(node)
    while True:
        if node is None:
            break
        if node.left is not None:
            lifo.push(node.left)
            node = node.left
            continue
        prev = node
        while True:
            if node is None:
                break
            print node.value
            prev = node
            node = lifo.pop()
        node = prev
        if node.right is not None:
            lifo.push(node.right)
            node = node.right
        else:
            break

内部 while 循环感觉不正确。此外,某些元素会被打印两次;也许我可以通过检查该节点之前是否已打印来解决这个问题,但这需要另一个变量,这又感觉不对。我哪里错了?

我还没有尝试过后序遍历,但我想它是相似的,我也会在那里面临同样的概念障碍。

感谢您抽出时间!

PS:LifoNode的定义:

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value, left=None, right=None):
        self.value = value
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

class Lifo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.lifo = ()
    def push(self, data):
        self.lifo = (data, self.lifo)
    def pop(self):
        if len(self.lifo) == 0:
            return None
        ret, self.lifo = self.lifo
        return ret

I am able to understand preorder traversal without using recursion, but I'm having a hard time with inorder traversal. I just don't seem to get it, perhaps, because I haven't understood the inner working of recursion.

This is what I've tried so far:

def traverseInorder(node):
    lifo = Lifo()
    lifo.push(node)
    while True:
        if node is None:
            break
        if node.left is not None:
            lifo.push(node.left)
            node = node.left
            continue
        prev = node
        while True:
            if node is None:
                break
            print node.value
            prev = node
            node = lifo.pop()
        node = prev
        if node.right is not None:
            lifo.push(node.right)
            node = node.right
        else:
            break

The inner while-loop just doesn't feel right. Also, some of the elements are getting printed twice; may be I can solve this by checking if that node has been printed before, but that requires another variable, which, again, doesn't feel right. Where am I going wrong?

I haven't tried postorder traversal, but I guess it's similar and I will face the same conceptual blockage there, too.

Thanks for your time!

P.S.: Definitions of Lifo and Node:

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value, left=None, right=None):
        self.value = value
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

class Lifo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.lifo = ()
    def push(self, data):
        self.lifo = (data, self.lifo)
    def pop(self):
        if len(self.lifo) == 0:
            return None
        ret, self.lifo = self.lifo
        return ret

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评论(15

夜深人未静 2024-08-26 04:46:53

从递归算法开始(伪代码):

traverse(node):
  if node != None do:
    traverse(node.left)
    print node.value
    traverse(node.right)
  endif

这是尾递归的一个明显例子,因此您可以轻松地将其变成 while 循环。

traverse(node):
  while node != None do:
    traverse(node.left)
    print node.value
    node = node.right
  endwhile

你只剩下一个递归调用。递归调用的作用是将新的上下文压入堆栈,从头开始运行代码,然后检索上下文并继续执行其正在执行的操作。因此,您创建一个用于存储的堆栈,以及一个循环,该循环在每次迭代时确定我们是否处于“首次运行”情况(非空节点)或“返回”情况(空节点、非空堆栈) )并运行适当的代码:

traverse(node):
  stack = []
  while !empty(stack) || node != None do:
    if node != None do: // this is a normal call, recurse
      push(stack,node)
      node = node.left
    else // we are now returning: pop and print the current node
      node = pop(stack)
      print node.value
      node = node.right
    endif
  endwhile

最难掌握的是“返回”部分:您必须在循环中确定正在运行的代码是处于“进入函数”情况还是处于“从调用”的情况,并且您将拥有一个 if/else 链,其中包含与代码中的非终端递归一样多的情况。

在这种特定情况下,我们使用节点来保存有关情况的信息。另一种方法是将其存储在堆栈本身中(就像计算机进行递归一样)。使用这种技术,代码不太优化,但更容易遵循

traverse(node):
  // entry:
  if node == NULL do return
  traverse(node.left)
  // after-left-traversal:
  print node.value
  traverse(node.right)

traverse(node):
   stack = [node,'entry']
   while !empty(stack) do:
     [node,state] = pop(stack)
     switch state: 
       case 'entry': 
         if node == None do: break; // return
         push(stack,[node,'after-left-traversal']) // store return address
         push(stack,[node.left,'entry']) // recursive call
         break;
       case 'after-left-traversal': 
         print node.value;
         // tail call : no return address
         push(stack,[node.right,'entry']) // recursive call
      end
    endwhile 

Start with the recursive algorithm (pseudocode) :

traverse(node):
  if node != None do:
    traverse(node.left)
    print node.value
    traverse(node.right)
  endif

This is a clear case of tail recursion, so you can easily turn it into a while-loop.

traverse(node):
  while node != None do:
    traverse(node.left)
    print node.value
    node = node.right
  endwhile

You're left with a recursive call. What the recursive call does is push a new context on the stack, run the code from the beginning, then retrieve the context and keep doing what it was doing. So, you create a stack for storage, and a loop that determines, on every iteration, whether we're in a "first run" situation (non-null node) or a "returning" situation (null node, non-empty stack) and runs the appropriate code:

traverse(node):
  stack = []
  while !empty(stack) || node != None do:
    if node != None do: // this is a normal call, recurse
      push(stack,node)
      node = node.left
    else // we are now returning: pop and print the current node
      node = pop(stack)
      print node.value
      node = node.right
    endif
  endwhile

The hard thing to grasp is the "return" part: you have to determine, in your loop, whether the code you're running is in the "entering the function" situation or in the "returning from a call" situation, and you will have an if/else chain with as many cases as you have non-terminal recursions in your code.

In this specific situation, we're using the node to keep information about the situation. Another way would be to store that in the stack itself (just like a computer does for recursion). With that technique, the code is less optimal, but easier to follow

traverse(node):
  // entry:
  if node == NULL do return
  traverse(node.left)
  // after-left-traversal:
  print node.value
  traverse(node.right)

traverse(node):
   stack = [node,'entry']
   while !empty(stack) do:
     [node,state] = pop(stack)
     switch state: 
       case 'entry': 
         if node == None do: break; // return
         push(stack,[node,'after-left-traversal']) // store return address
         push(stack,[node.left,'entry']) // recursive call
         break;
       case 'after-left-traversal': 
         print node.value;
         // tail call : no return address
         push(stack,[node.right,'entry']) // recursive call
      end
    endwhile 
没有你我更好 2024-08-26 04:46:53

这是一个简单的有序非递归 C++ 代码..

void inorder (node *n)
{
    stack s;

    while(n){
        s.push(n);
        n=n->left;
    }

    while(!s.empty()){
        node *t=s.pop();
        cout<<t->data;
        t=t->right;

        while(t){
            s.push(t);
            t = t->left;
        }
    }
}

Here is a simple in-order non-recursive c++ code ..

void inorder (node *n)
{
    stack s;

    while(n){
        s.push(n);
        n=n->left;
    }

    while(!s.empty()){
        node *t=s.pop();
        cout<<t->data;
        t=t->right;

        while(t){
            s.push(t);
            t = t->left;
        }
    }
}
你的背包 2024-08-26 04:46:53
def print_tree_in(root):
    stack = []
    current = root
    while True:
        while current is not None:
            stack.append(current)
            current = current.getLeft();
        if not stack:
            return
        current = stack.pop()
        print current.getValue()
        while current.getRight is None and stack:
            current = stack.pop()
            print current.getValue()
        current = current.getRight();
def print_tree_in(root):
    stack = []
    current = root
    while True:
        while current is not None:
            stack.append(current)
            current = current.getLeft();
        if not stack:
            return
        current = stack.pop()
        print current.getValue()
        while current.getRight is None and stack:
            current = stack.pop()
            print current.getValue()
        current = current.getRight();
紙鸢 2024-08-26 04:46:53
def traverseInorder(node):
   lifo = Lifo()

  while node is not None:
    if node.left is not None:
       lifo.push(node)
       node = node.left
       continue

   print node.value

   if node.right is not None:
      node = node.right
      continue

   node = lifo.Pop()
   if node is not None :
      print node.value
      node = node.right

PS:我不懂Python,所以可能存在一些语法问题。

def traverseInorder(node):
   lifo = Lifo()

  while node is not None:
    if node.left is not None:
       lifo.push(node)
       node = node.left
       continue

   print node.value

   if node.right is not None:
      node = node.right
      continue

   node = lifo.Pop()
   if node is not None :
      print node.value
      node = node.right

PS: I don't know Python so there may be a few syntax issues.

北笙凉宸 2024-08-26 04:46:53

下面是在 C# (.net) 中使用堆栈进行中序遍历的示例:(

对于后序迭代,您可以参考:无递归的二叉树后序遍历

public string InOrderIterative()
        {
            List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
            if (null != this._root)
            {
                Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
                var iterativeNode = this._root;
                while(iterativeNode != null)
                {
                    stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                    iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
                }
                while(stack.Count > 0)
                {
                    iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
                    nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
                    if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
                    {
                        stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
                        iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Right.Left;
                        while(iterativeNode != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                            iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return this.ListToString(nodes);
        }

这是一个带有访问标志的示例:

public string InorderIterative_VisitedFlag()
        {
            List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
            if (null != this._root)
            {
                Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
                BinaryTreeNode iterativeNode = null;
                stack.Push(this._root);
                while(stack.Count > 0)
                {
                    iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
                    if(iterativeNode.visted)
                    {
                        iterativeNode.visted = false;
                        nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        iterativeNode.visted = true;
                        if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
                        }
                        stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                        if (iterativeNode.Left != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode.Left);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return this.ListToString(nodes);
        }

binarytreenode、listtostring实用程序的定义:

string ListToString(List<int> list)
        {
            string s = string.Join(", ", list);
            return s;
        }


class BinaryTreeNode
    {
        public int Element;
        public BinaryTreeNode Left;
        public BinaryTreeNode Right;        
    }

Here is a sample of in order traversal using stack in c# (.net):

(for post order iterative you may refer to: Post order traversal of binary tree without recursion)

public string InOrderIterative()
        {
            List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
            if (null != this._root)
            {
                Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
                var iterativeNode = this._root;
                while(iterativeNode != null)
                {
                    stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                    iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
                }
                while(stack.Count > 0)
                {
                    iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
                    nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
                    if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
                    {
                        stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
                        iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Right.Left;
                        while(iterativeNode != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                            iterativeNode = iterativeNode.Left;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return this.ListToString(nodes);
        }

Here is a sample with visited flag:

public string InorderIterative_VisitedFlag()
        {
            List<int> nodes = new List<int>();
            if (null != this._root)
            {
                Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<BinaryTreeNode>();
                BinaryTreeNode iterativeNode = null;
                stack.Push(this._root);
                while(stack.Count > 0)
                {
                    iterativeNode = stack.Pop();
                    if(iterativeNode.visted)
                    {
                        iterativeNode.visted = false;
                        nodes.Add(iterativeNode.Element);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        iterativeNode.visted = true;
                        if(iterativeNode.Right != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode.Right);
                        }
                        stack.Push(iterativeNode);
                        if (iterativeNode.Left != null)
                        {
                            stack.Push(iterativeNode.Left);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return this.ListToString(nodes);
        }

the definitions of the binarytreenode, listtostring utility:

string ListToString(List<int> list)
        {
            string s = string.Join(", ", list);
            return s;
        }


class BinaryTreeNode
    {
        public int Element;
        public BinaryTreeNode Left;
        public BinaryTreeNode Right;        
    }
绿萝 2024-08-26 04:46:53

无需递归的简单迭代中序遍历

'''iterative inorder traversal, O(n) time & O(n) space '''

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value, left = None, right = None):
        self.value = value
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

def inorder_iter(root):

    stack = [root]
    current = root

    while len(stack) > 0:
        if current:
            while current.left:
                stack.append(current.left)
                current = current.left
        popped_node = stack.pop()
        current = None
        if popped_node:
            print popped_node.value
            current = popped_node.right
            stack.append(current)

a = Node('a')
b = Node('b')
c = Node('c')
d = Node('d')

b.right = d
a.left = b
a.right = c

inorder_iter(a)

Simple iterative inorder traversal without recursion

'''iterative inorder traversal, O(n) time & O(n) space '''

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value, left = None, right = None):
        self.value = value
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

def inorder_iter(root):

    stack = [root]
    current = root

    while len(stack) > 0:
        if current:
            while current.left:
                stack.append(current.left)
                current = current.left
        popped_node = stack.pop()
        current = None
        if popped_node:
            print popped_node.value
            current = popped_node.right
            stack.append(current)

a = Node('a')
b = Node('b')
c = Node('c')
d = Node('d')

b.right = d
a.left = b
a.right = c

inorder_iter(a)
烏雲後面有陽光 2024-08-26 04:46:53

状态可以被隐式记住,

traverse(node) {
   if(!node) return;
   push(stack, node);
   while (!empty(stack)) {
     /*Remember the left nodes in stack*/
     while (node->left) {
        push(stack, node->left);
        node = node->left;
      }

      /*Process the node*/
      printf("%d", node->data);

      /*Do the tail recursion*/
      if(node->right) {
         node = node->right
      } else {
         node = pop(stack); /*New Node will be from previous*/
      }
    }
 }

State can be remembered implicitly,

traverse(node) {
   if(!node) return;
   push(stack, node);
   while (!empty(stack)) {
     /*Remember the left nodes in stack*/
     while (node->left) {
        push(stack, node->left);
        node = node->left;
      }

      /*Process the node*/
      printf("%d", node->data);

      /*Do the tail recursion*/
      if(node->right) {
         node = node->right
      } else {
         node = pop(stack); /*New Node will be from previous*/
      }
    }
 }
仙气飘飘 2024-08-26 04:46:53

@Victor,我对您尝试将状态推入堆栈的实现有一些建议。我认为没有必要。因为从堆栈中取出的每个元素都已被左遍历。因此,我们不需要将信息存储到堆栈中,而是需要一个标志来指示要处理的下一个节点是否来自该堆栈。以下是我的实现,效果很好:

def intraverse(node):
    stack = []
    leftChecked = False
    while node != None:
        if not leftChecked and node.left != None:
            stack.append(node)
            node = node.left
        else:
            print node.data
            if node.right != None:
                node = node.right
                leftChecked = False
            elif len(stack)>0:
                node = stack.pop()
                leftChecked = True
            else:
                node = None

@Victor, I have some suggestion on your implementation trying to push the state into the stack. I don't see it is necessary. Because every element you take from the stack is already left traversed. so instead of store the information into the stack, all we need is a flag to indicate if the next node to be processed is from that stack or not. Following is my implementation which works fine:

def intraverse(node):
    stack = []
    leftChecked = False
    while node != None:
        if not leftChecked and node.left != None:
            stack.append(node)
            node = node.left
        else:
            print node.data
            if node.right != None:
                node = node.right
                leftChecked = False
            elif len(stack)>0:
                node = stack.pop()
                leftChecked = True
            else:
                node = None
海螺姑娘 2024-08-26 04:46:53

对 @Emadpres 的回答进行了一些优化

def in_order_search(node):
    stack = Stack()
    current = node

    while True:
        while current is not None:
            stack.push(current)
            current = current.l_child

        if stack.size() == 0:
            break

        current = stack.pop()
        print(current.data)
        current = current.r_child

Little Optimization of answer by @Emadpres

def in_order_search(node):
    stack = Stack()
    current = node

    while True:
        while current is not None:
            stack.push(current)
            current = current.l_child

        if stack.size() == 0:
            break

        current = stack.pop()
        print(current.data)
        current = current.r_child
渡你暖光 2024-08-26 04:46:53

这可能会有所帮助(Java 实现)

public void inorderDisplay(Node root) {
    Node current = root;
    LinkedList<Node> stack = new LinkedList<>();
    while (true) {
        if (current != null) {
            stack.push(current);
            current = current.left;
        } else if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            current = stack.poll();
            System.out.print(current.data + " ");
            current = current.right;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
}

This may be helpful (Java implementation)

public void inorderDisplay(Node root) {
    Node current = root;
    LinkedList<Node> stack = new LinkedList<>();
    while (true) {
        if (current != null) {
            stack.push(current);
            current = current.left;
        } else if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            current = stack.poll();
            System.out.print(current.data + " ");
            current = current.right;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
}
扶醉桌前 2024-08-26 04:46:53
class Tree:

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.value = value

    def insert(self,root,node):
        if root is None:
            root = node
        else:
            if root.value < node.value:
                if root.right is None:
                    root.right = node
                else:
                    self.insert(root.right, node)
            else:
                if root.left is None:
                    root.left = node
                else:
                    self.insert(root.left, node)       

    def inorder(self,tree):
        if tree.left != None:
            self.inorder(tree.left)
        print "value:",tree.value

        if tree.right !=None:
            self.inorder(tree.right)

    def inorderwithoutRecursion(self,tree):
        holdRoot=tree
        temp=holdRoot
        stack=[]
        while temp!=None:
            if temp.left!=None:
                stack.append(temp)
                temp=temp.left
                print "node:left",temp.value

            else:
                if len(stack)>0:
                    temp=stack.pop();
                    temp=temp.right
                    print "node:right",temp.value
class Tree:

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.value = value

    def insert(self,root,node):
        if root is None:
            root = node
        else:
            if root.value < node.value:
                if root.right is None:
                    root.right = node
                else:
                    self.insert(root.right, node)
            else:
                if root.left is None:
                    root.left = node
                else:
                    self.insert(root.left, node)       

    def inorder(self,tree):
        if tree.left != None:
            self.inorder(tree.left)
        print "value:",tree.value

        if tree.right !=None:
            self.inorder(tree.right)

    def inorderwithoutRecursion(self,tree):
        holdRoot=tree
        temp=holdRoot
        stack=[]
        while temp!=None:
            if temp.left!=None:
                stack.append(temp)
                temp=temp.left
                print "node:left",temp.value

            else:
                if len(stack)>0:
                    temp=stack.pop();
                    temp=temp.right
                    print "node:right",temp.value
梦里人 2024-08-26 04:46:53

这是一个迭代 C++ 解决方案,作为 @Emadpres 发布的替代方案:

void inOrderTraversal(Node *n)
{
    stack<Node *> s;
    s.push(n);
    while (!s.empty()) {
        if (n) {
            n = n->left;
        } else {
            n = s.top(); s.pop();
            cout << n->data << " ";
            n = n->right;
        }
        if (n) s.push(n);
    }
}

Here's an iterative C++ solution as an alternative to what @Emadpres posted:

void inOrderTraversal(Node *n)
{
    stack<Node *> s;
    s.push(n);
    while (!s.empty()) {
        if (n) {
            n = n->left;
        } else {
            n = s.top(); s.pop();
            cout << n->data << " ";
            n = n->right;
        }
        if (n) s.push(n);
    }
}

素衣风尘叹 2024-08-26 04:46:53

这是用于中序遍历的迭代 Python 代码::

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

def inOrder(root):
    current = root
    s = []
    done = 0

    while(not done):
        if current is not None :
            s.append(current)
            current = current.left
        else :
            if (len(s)>0):
                current = s.pop()
                print current.data
                current = current.right
            else :
                done =1

root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(3)
root.left.left = Node(4)
root.left.right = Node(5)

inOrder(root)

Here is an iterative Python Code for Inorder Traversal ::

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

def inOrder(root):
    current = root
    s = []
    done = 0

    while(not done):
        if current is not None :
            s.append(current)
            current = current.left
        else :
            if (len(s)>0):
                current = s.pop()
                print current.data
                current = current.right
            else :
                done =1

root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(3)
root.left.left = Node(4)
root.left.right = Node(5)

inOrder(root)

为了编写这些递归方法的迭代等价物,我们首先可以了解递归方法本身如何在程序的堆栈上执行。假设节点没有父指针,我们需要为迭代变体管理我们自己的“堆栈”。

一种开始方法是查看递归方法并标记调用将“恢复”的位置(新的初始调用,或递归调用返回后)。下面这些标记为“RP 0”、“RP 1”等(“恢复点”)。以中序遍历为例。 (我将用 C 语言进行演示,但相同的方法适用于任何通用语言):

void in(node *x)  
{  
  /* RP 0 */  
  if(x->lc) in(x->lc);  
  /* RP 1 */  
  process(x);  
  if(x->rc) in(x->rc);  
  /* RP 2 */  
}

其迭代变体:

void in_i(node *root)  
{  
  node *stack[1000];  
  int top;  
  char pushed;  
 
  stack[0] = root;  
  top = 0;  
  pushed = 1;  
 
  while(top >= 0)  
  {  
    node *curr = stack[top];  
 
    if(pushed)  
    {  
      /* type (x: 0) */  
      if(curr->lc)  
      {  
        stack[++top] = curr->lc;  
        continue;  
      }  
    }  
 
    /* type (x: 1) */  
    pushed = 0;  
    process(curr);  
    top--;  
 
    if(curr->rc)  
    {  
      stack[++top] = curr->rc;  
      pushed = 1;  
    }  
  }  
}

代码注释为 (x: 0)(x: 1) 对应于递归方法中的“RP 0”和“RP 1”恢复点。 pushed 标志帮助我们推断出这两个恢复点之一。我们不需要在“RP 2”阶段处理节点,因此我们不会将此类节点保留在堆栈上。

For writing iterative equivalents of these recursive methods, we can first understand how the recursive methods themselves execute over the program's stack. Assuming that the nodes do not have their parent pointer, we need to manage our own "stack" for the iterative variants.

One way to start is to see the recursive method and mark the locations where a call would "resume" (fresh initial call, or after a recursive call returns). Below these are marked as "RP 0", "RP 1" etc ("Resume Point"). Take example of inorder traversal. (I will present in C language, but same methodology applies to any general language):

void in(node *x)  
{  
  /* RP 0 */  
  if(x->lc) in(x->lc);  
  /* RP 1 */  
  process(x);  
  if(x->rc) in(x->rc);  
  /* RP 2 */  
}

Its iterative variant:

void in_i(node *root)  
{  
  node *stack[1000];  
  int top;  
  char pushed;  
 
  stack[0] = root;  
  top = 0;  
  pushed = 1;  
 
  while(top >= 0)  
  {  
    node *curr = stack[top];  
 
    if(pushed)  
    {  
      /* type (x: 0) */  
      if(curr->lc)  
      {  
        stack[++top] = curr->lc;  
        continue;  
      }  
    }  
 
    /* type (x: 1) */  
    pushed = 0;  
    process(curr);  
    top--;  
 
    if(curr->rc)  
    {  
      stack[++top] = curr->rc;  
      pushed = 1;  
    }  
  }  
}

The code comments with (x: 0) and (x: 1) correspond to the "RP 0" and "RP 1" resume points in the recursive method. The pushed flag helps us deduce one of these two resume-points. We do not need to handle a node at its "RP 2" stage, so we do not keep such node on stack.

-黛色若梦 2024-08-26 04:46:53

我认为部分问题在于“prev”变量的使用。您不必存储前一个节点,您应该能够维护堆栈(Lifo)本身的状态。

Wikipedia 来看,您的目标算法是:

  1. 访问根。
  2. 遍历左子树
  3. 遍历右子树

在伪代码中(免责声明,我不懂 Python,所以对下面的 Python/C++ 风格代码表示歉意!)你的算法将类似于:

lifo = Lifo();
lifo.push(rootNode);

while(!lifo.empty())
{
    node = lifo.pop();
    if(node is not None)
    {
        print node.value;
        if(node.right is not None)
        {
            lifo.push(node.right);
        }
        if(node.left is not None)
        {
            lifo.push(node.left);
        }
    }
}

对于后序遍历,你只需交换你推送的顺序左子树和右子树入栈。

I think part of the problem is the use of the "prev" variable. You shouldn't have to store the previous node you should be able to maintain the state on the stack (Lifo) itself.

From Wikipedia, the algorithm you are aiming for is:

  1. Visit the root.
  2. Traverse the left subtree
  3. Traverse the right subtree

In pseudo code (disclaimer, I don't know Python so apologies for the Python/C++ style code below!) your algorithm would be something like:

lifo = Lifo();
lifo.push(rootNode);

while(!lifo.empty())
{
    node = lifo.pop();
    if(node is not None)
    {
        print node.value;
        if(node.right is not None)
        {
            lifo.push(node.right);
        }
        if(node.left is not None)
        {
            lifo.push(node.left);
        }
    }
}

For postorder traversal you simply swap the order you push the left and right subtrees onto the stack.

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