如何在Python中重定向stderr?通过Python C API?

发布于 2024-08-15 16:52:25 字数 1177 浏览 11 评论 0原文

这是我最近的两个问题的组合:
[1] C 语言中的 Python 实例方法
[2] 如何在 Python 中重定向 stderr?

我想记录python 脚本的 stdout 和 stderr 输出。

我想问的是,根据[1]创建一个新类型似乎相当复杂。如果不需要向 Python 公开新类型,即它只存在于 C 中,是否会简化事情?

我的意思是,当Python打印一些东西时,它会转到“Objects/fileobject.c”,并在“PyFile_WriteObject”中检查是否可以写入其参数:

writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(f, "write");
if (writer == NULL)
...

另外,可以像这样获得stdout和stderr:

PyObject* out = PySys_GetObject("stdout");
PyObject* err = PySys_GetObject("stderr");

我的问题那么,是否可以以某种方式构造必要的 PyObject,它满足上述 'PyObject_GetAttrString(f, "write")' 并且可调用,以便我可以编写:

PySys_SetObject("stdout", <my writer object / class / type / ?>);

http://docs.python.org/c-api/sys.html?highlight=pysys_setobject#PySys_SetObject

这样,就有不需要向 Python 脚本的其余部分公开新的“编写器类型”,所以我认为编写代码可能会更简单......?

This is a combination of my two recent questions:
[1] Python instance method in C
[2] How to redirect stderr in Python?

I would like to log the output of both stdout and stderr from a python script.

The thing I want to ask is, to create a new type according to [1] seems fairly complicated. Does it simplifies the things if there was no need to expose the new type to Python, i.e. it would only exist in C?

I mean, when Python prints something it goes to "Objects/fileobject.c" and there in "PyFile_WriteObject" it check whether it is possible to write to its argument:

writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(f, "write");
if (writer == NULL)
...

Also, it is possible to get stdout and stderr like this:

PyObject* out = PySys_GetObject("stdout");
PyObject* err = PySys_GetObject("stderr");

My question is then, is it somehow possible to construct necessary PyObject which satisfies the above 'PyObject_GetAttrString(f, "write")' and is callable so I can write:

PySys_SetObject("stdout", <my writer object / class / type / ?>);

http://docs.python.org/c-api/sys.html?highlight=pysys_setobject#PySys_SetObject

This way, there would be no need to expose the new "writer type" to the rest of Python script so I thought it might be a bit simpler to write the code...?

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评论(2

很糊涂小朋友 2024-08-22 16:52:25

只需创建一个模块对象(无论如何,如果您使用的是 C API,您都会这样做!-)并使其具有合适的 write 函数 - 该模块对象将适合作为第二个PySys_SetObject 的参数。

在我对你的另一个问题的回答中,我向你指出了 xxmodule.c,这是 Python C 源代码中的一个示例文件,它是一个包含大量示例的模块,包括各种类型和函数 - 你可以即使(对我来说很神秘)您认为“创建新类型”部分太困难,也可以从那里开始工作;-)。

编辑:这是一个简单的工作示例(aview.py):

#include "Python.h"
#include <stdio.h>

static PyObject *
aview_write(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *what;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &what))
        return NULL;
    printf("==%s==", what);
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}

static PyMethodDef a_methods[] = {
    {"write", aview_write, METH_VARARGS, "Write something."},
    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
initaview(void)
{
    PyObject *m = Py_InitModule("aview", a_methods);
    if (m == NULL) return;
    PySys_SetObject("stdout", m);
}

正确安装此aview模块后:

$ python
Python 2.5.4 (r254:67917, Dec 23 2008, 14:57:27) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5363)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import aview
>>> print 'ciao'
==ciao====
==>>> 

...发送到标准的任何字符串输出周围有 == 符号(并且这个 print 调用 .write 两次:使用 'ciao' ,然后再次换行)。

Just make a module object (you're doing that anyway, if you're using the C API!-) and make it have a suitable write function -- that module object will be suitable as the second argument to PySys_SetObject.

In my answer to your other question I pointed you to xxmodule.c, an example file in Python's C sources, which is a module with a lot of examples including types and functions of various kinds -- you can work from there even if (mysteriously to me) you consider the "make a new type" part too difficult;-).

Edit: here's a trivial working example (aview.py):

#include "Python.h"
#include <stdio.h>

static PyObject *
aview_write(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *what;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &what))
        return NULL;
    printf("==%s==", what);
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}

static PyMethodDef a_methods[] = {
    {"write", aview_write, METH_VARARGS, "Write something."},
    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
initaview(void)
{
    PyObject *m = Py_InitModule("aview", a_methods);
    if (m == NULL) return;
    PySys_SetObject("stdout", m);
}

Once this aview module is properly installed:

$ python
Python 2.5.4 (r254:67917, Dec 23 2008, 14:57:27) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5363)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import aview
>>> print 'ciao'
==ciao====
==>>> 

...any string emitted to standard output is written with == signs around it (and this print calls .write twice: with 'ciao', and then again with a newline).

笑,眼淚并存 2024-08-22 16:52:25

根据Alex的回答,这里是完全有效的C代码,没有Python“导入aview”,在Python 3中(所以没有Py_InitModule),并且带有stderr重定向:

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <Python.h>


PyObject* aview_write(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    const char *what;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &what))
        return NULL;
    printf("==%s==", what);
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}


PyObject* aview_flush(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}


PyMethodDef aview_methods[] =
{
    {"write", aview_write, METH_VARARGS, "doc for write"},
    {"flush", aview_flush, METH_VARARGS, "doc for flush"},
    {0, 0, 0, 0} // sentinel
};


PyModuleDef aview_module =
{
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, // PyModuleDef_Base m_base;
    "aview",               // const char* m_name;
    "doc for aview",       // const char* m_doc;
    -1,                    // Py_ssize_t m_size;
    aview_methods,        // PyMethodDef *m_methods
    //  inquiry m_reload;  traverseproc m_traverse;  inquiry m_clear;  freefunc m_free;
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_aview(void) 
{
    PyObject* m = PyModule_Create(&aview_module);
    PySys_SetObject("stdout", m);
    PySys_SetObject("stderr", m);
    return m;
}


int main()
{
    PyImport_AppendInittab("aview", PyInit_aview);
    Py_Initialize();
    PyImport_ImportModule("aview");

    PyRun_SimpleString("print(\'hello to buffer\')");
    PyRun_SimpleString("make a SyntaxException in stderr");

    Py_Finalize();

    return 0;

}

但请注意,如果您计划有几个不同的解释器,这会获胜这还不够,因为 aview_write 将无法知道要附加到哪个缓冲区。你需要像这样的东西

顺便说一句,这里是关于如何添加新模块和类型的很棒的参考。

Based on Alex's answer, here is fully working C code, without the Python "import aview", in Python 3 (so no Py_InitModule), and with stderr redirection :

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <Python.h>


PyObject* aview_write(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    const char *what;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &what))
        return NULL;
    printf("==%s==", what);
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}


PyObject* aview_flush(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("");
}


PyMethodDef aview_methods[] =
{
    {"write", aview_write, METH_VARARGS, "doc for write"},
    {"flush", aview_flush, METH_VARARGS, "doc for flush"},
    {0, 0, 0, 0} // sentinel
};


PyModuleDef aview_module =
{
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, // PyModuleDef_Base m_base;
    "aview",               // const char* m_name;
    "doc for aview",       // const char* m_doc;
    -1,                    // Py_ssize_t m_size;
    aview_methods,        // PyMethodDef *m_methods
    //  inquiry m_reload;  traverseproc m_traverse;  inquiry m_clear;  freefunc m_free;
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_aview(void) 
{
    PyObject* m = PyModule_Create(&aview_module);
    PySys_SetObject("stdout", m);
    PySys_SetObject("stderr", m);
    return m;
}


int main()
{
    PyImport_AppendInittab("aview", PyInit_aview);
    Py_Initialize();
    PyImport_ImportModule("aview");

    PyRun_SimpleString("print(\'hello to buffer\')");
    PyRun_SimpleString("make a SyntaxException in stderr");

    Py_Finalize();

    return 0;

}

Note, though, that if you plan to have several distinct interpreters, this won't be enough, because aview_write won't be able to know which buffer to append into. You'll need something like that.

Here is an awesome reference on how to add new modules and types, btw.

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