操纵杆死区计算
我的问题:给定 x 和 y,我需要计算所需操纵杆偏转的 x 和 y。
当没有操纵杆死区时,这很简单——我只使用 x 和 y 而不进行任何操作。
当存在死区时,我希望 x=0 为零,x=非零为该方向上死区之外的第一个值。
方形死区很简单。在下面的代码中,x 和 y 的范围是从 -1 到 1(包括 -1 和 1)。死区是从 0 到 1(含)。
float xDeflection = 0;
if (x > 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x + deadzone;
else if (x < 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x - deadzone;
float yDeflection = 0;
if (y > 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y + deadzone;
else if (y < 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y - deadzone;
圆形死区更加棘手。经过一番闲逛后,我想出了这个:
float xDeflection = 0, yDeflection = 0;
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
}
这是极端情况下操纵杆偏转的输出(deadzone=0.25):
非方形操纵杆偏转。 http://n4te.com/temp/nonsquare.gif
正如您所看到的,偏转没有延伸到角落。即,如果 x=1,y=1,则 xDeflection 和 yDeflection 都等于 0.918。随着死区变大,问题会变得更加严重,使得上图中的绿线看起来越来越像一个圆圈。当 deadzone=1 时,绿线是与死区匹配的圆圈。
我发现,通过一个小小的改变,我可以放大绿线代表的形状,并在 -1 到 1 之外裁剪值:
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - 0.71f * deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
xDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, xDeflection));
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
yDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, yDeflection));
}
我通过反复试验得出了常数 0.71。该数字使形状足够大,使得角点与实际角点的距离在小数点后几位以内。出于学术原因,谁能解释为什么 0.71 恰好是执行此操作的数字?
总的来说,我不太确定我是否采取了正确的方法。有没有更好的方法来实现我对圆形死区的需求?
我编写了一个简单的基于 Swing 的程序来直观地了解正在发生的情况:
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.CardLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel;
import javax.swing.JComboBox;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JSlider;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeListener;
public class DeadzoneTest extends JFrame {
float xState, yState;
float deadzone = 0.3f;
int size = (int)(255 * deadzone);
public DeadzoneTest () {
super("DeadzoneTest");
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
final CardLayout cardLayout = new CardLayout();
final JPanel centerPanel = new JPanel(cardLayout);
getContentPane().add(centerPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
centerPanel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(512, 512));
Hashtable labels = new Hashtable();
labels.put(-255, new JLabel("-1"));
labels.put(-128, new JLabel("-0.5"));
labels.put(0, new JLabel("0"));
labels.put(128, new JLabel("0.5"));
labels.put(255, new JLabel("1"));
final JSlider ySlider = new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL, -256, 256, 0);
getContentPane().add(ySlider, BorderLayout.EAST);
ySlider.setInverted(true);
ySlider.setLabelTable(labels);
ySlider.setPaintLabels(true);
ySlider.setMajorTickSpacing(32);
ySlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
ySlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
yState = ySlider.getValue() / 255f;
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JSlider xSlider = new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, -256, 256, 0);
getContentPane().add(xSlider, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
xSlider.setLabelTable(labels);
xSlider.setPaintLabels(true);
xSlider.setMajorTickSpacing(32);
xSlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
xSlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
xState = xSlider.getValue() / 255f;
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JSlider deadzoneSlider = new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL, 0, 100, 33);
getContentPane().add(deadzoneSlider, BorderLayout.WEST);
deadzoneSlider.setInverted(true);
deadzoneSlider.createStandardLabels(25);
deadzoneSlider.setPaintLabels(true);
deadzoneSlider.setMajorTickSpacing(25);
deadzoneSlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
deadzoneSlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
deadzone = deadzoneSlider.getValue() / 100f;
size = (int)(255 * deadzone);
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JComboBox combo = new JComboBox();
combo.setModel(new DefaultComboBoxModel(new Object[] {"round", "square"}));
getContentPane().add(combo, BorderLayout.NORTH);
combo.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent event) {
cardLayout.show(centerPanel, (String)combo.getSelectedItem());
}
});
centerPanel.add(new Panel() {
public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y) {
g.drawRect(256 - size, 256 - size, size * 2, size * 2);
float xDeflection = 0;
if (x > 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x + deadzone;
else if (x < 0) {
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x - deadzone;
}
float yDeflection = 0;
if (y > 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y + deadzone;
else if (y < 0) {
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y - deadzone;
}
draw(g, xDeflection, yDeflection);
}
}, "square");
centerPanel.add(new Panel() {
public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y) {
g.drawOval(256 - size, 256 - size, size * 2, size * 2);
float xDeflection = 0, yDeflection = 0;
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - 0.71f * deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
xDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, xDeflection));
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
yDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, yDeflection));
}
draw(g, xDeflection, yDeflection);
}
}, "round");
cardLayout.show(centerPanel, (String)combo.getSelectedItem());
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setVisible(true);
}
private abstract class Panel extends JPanel {
public void paintComponent (Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.gray);
g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0, 0, 512, 512);
g.setColor(Color.green);
if (true) {
// Draws all edge points.
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, i / 255f, 1);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, i / 255f, -1);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, 1, i / 255f);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, -1, i / 255f);
} else if (false) {
// Draws all possible points (slow).
for (int x = -255; x < 256; x++)
for (int y = -255; y < 256; y++)
toDeflection(g, x / 255f, y / 255f);
}
g.setColor(Color.red);
toDeflection(g, xState, yState);
}
abstract public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y);
public void draw (Graphics g, float xDeflection, float yDeflection) {
int r = 5, d = r * 2;
g.fillRect((int)(xDeflection * 256) + 256 - r, (int)(yDeflection * 256) + 256 - r, d, d);
}
}
public static void main (String[] args) {
new DeadzoneTest();
}
}
My problem: given x and y, I need to calculate the x and y for the required joystick deflection.
This is simple when there is no joystick deadzone -- I just use the x and y with no manipulation.
When there is a deadzone, I want x=0 to be zero and x=non-zero to be the first value in that direction that is outside the deadzone.
A square deadzone is simple. In the following code x and y are from -1 to 1 inclusive. The deadzone is from 0 to 1 inclusive.
float xDeflection = 0;
if (x > 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x + deadzone;
else if (x < 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x - deadzone;
float yDeflection = 0;
if (y > 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y + deadzone;
else if (y < 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y - deadzone;
A circular deadzone is trickier. After a whole lot of fooling around I came up with this:
float xDeflection = 0, yDeflection = 0;
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
}
Here is what this outputs for the joystick deflection at the extremes (deadzone=0.25):
Non-square joystick deflection. http://n4te.com/temp/nonsquare.gif
As you can see, the deflection does not extend to the corners. IE, if x=1,y=1 then the xDeflection and yDeflection both equal something like 0.918. The problem worsens with larger deadzones, making the green lines in the image above look more and more like a circle. At deadzone=1 the green lines are a circle that matches the deadzone.
I found that with a small change I could enlarge the shape represented by the green lines and clip values outside of -1 to 1:
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - 0.71f * deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
xDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, xDeflection));
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
yDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, yDeflection));
}
I came up with the constant 0.71 from trial and error. This number makes the shape large enough that the corners are within a few decimal places of the actual corners. For academic reasons, can anyone explain why 0.71 happens to be the number that does this?
Overall, I'm not really sure if I am taking the right approach. Is there a better way to accomplish what I need for a circular deadzone?
I have written a simple Swing-based program to visual what is going on:
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.CardLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel;
import javax.swing.JComboBox;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JSlider;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeListener;
public class DeadzoneTest extends JFrame {
float xState, yState;
float deadzone = 0.3f;
int size = (int)(255 * deadzone);
public DeadzoneTest () {
super("DeadzoneTest");
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
final CardLayout cardLayout = new CardLayout();
final JPanel centerPanel = new JPanel(cardLayout);
getContentPane().add(centerPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
centerPanel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(512, 512));
Hashtable labels = new Hashtable();
labels.put(-255, new JLabel("-1"));
labels.put(-128, new JLabel("-0.5"));
labels.put(0, new JLabel("0"));
labels.put(128, new JLabel("0.5"));
labels.put(255, new JLabel("1"));
final JSlider ySlider = new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL, -256, 256, 0);
getContentPane().add(ySlider, BorderLayout.EAST);
ySlider.setInverted(true);
ySlider.setLabelTable(labels);
ySlider.setPaintLabels(true);
ySlider.setMajorTickSpacing(32);
ySlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
ySlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
yState = ySlider.getValue() / 255f;
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JSlider xSlider = new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, -256, 256, 0);
getContentPane().add(xSlider, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
xSlider.setLabelTable(labels);
xSlider.setPaintLabels(true);
xSlider.setMajorTickSpacing(32);
xSlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
xSlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
xState = xSlider.getValue() / 255f;
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JSlider deadzoneSlider = new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL, 0, 100, 33);
getContentPane().add(deadzoneSlider, BorderLayout.WEST);
deadzoneSlider.setInverted(true);
deadzoneSlider.createStandardLabels(25);
deadzoneSlider.setPaintLabels(true);
deadzoneSlider.setMajorTickSpacing(25);
deadzoneSlider.setSnapToTicks(true);
deadzoneSlider.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
public void stateChanged (ChangeEvent event) {
deadzone = deadzoneSlider.getValue() / 100f;
size = (int)(255 * deadzone);
centerPanel.repaint();
}
});
final JComboBox combo = new JComboBox();
combo.setModel(new DefaultComboBoxModel(new Object[] {"round", "square"}));
getContentPane().add(combo, BorderLayout.NORTH);
combo.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent event) {
cardLayout.show(centerPanel, (String)combo.getSelectedItem());
}
});
centerPanel.add(new Panel() {
public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y) {
g.drawRect(256 - size, 256 - size, size * 2, size * 2);
float xDeflection = 0;
if (x > 0)
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x + deadzone;
else if (x < 0) {
xDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * x - deadzone;
}
float yDeflection = 0;
if (y > 0)
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y + deadzone;
else if (y < 0) {
yDeflection = (1 - deadzone) * y - deadzone;
}
draw(g, xDeflection, yDeflection);
}
}, "square");
centerPanel.add(new Panel() {
public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y) {
g.drawOval(256 - size, 256 - size, size * 2, size * 2);
float xDeflection = 0, yDeflection = 0;
if (x != 0 || y != 0) {
float distRange = 1 - 0.71f * deadzone;
float dist = distRange * (float)Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y) + deadzone;
double angle = Math.atan2(x, y);
xDeflection = dist * (float)Math.sin(angle);
xDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, xDeflection));
yDeflection = dist * (float)Math.cos(angle);
yDeflection = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, yDeflection));
}
draw(g, xDeflection, yDeflection);
}
}, "round");
cardLayout.show(centerPanel, (String)combo.getSelectedItem());
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setVisible(true);
}
private abstract class Panel extends JPanel {
public void paintComponent (Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.gray);
g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0, 0, 512, 512);
g.setColor(Color.green);
if (true) {
// Draws all edge points.
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, i / 255f, 1);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, i / 255f, -1);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, 1, i / 255f);
for (int i = -255; i < 256; i++)
toDeflection(g, -1, i / 255f);
} else if (false) {
// Draws all possible points (slow).
for (int x = -255; x < 256; x++)
for (int y = -255; y < 256; y++)
toDeflection(g, x / 255f, y / 255f);
}
g.setColor(Color.red);
toDeflection(g, xState, yState);
}
abstract public void toDeflection (Graphics g, float x, float y);
public void draw (Graphics g, float xDeflection, float yDeflection) {
int r = 5, d = r * 2;
g.fillRect((int)(xDeflection * 256) + 256 - r, (int)(yDeflection * 256) + 256 - r, d, d);
}
}
public static void main (String[] args) {
new DeadzoneTest();
}
}
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如果您有一个圆形死区,则 0.71 实际上是 0.70710678 或 2 平方根的一半
利用毕达哥拉斯定理进行计算
If you have a circular deadzone the .71 is actually 0.70710678 or the half of the squareroot of 2
Calculation thanks to theorem of Pythagoras
这是我拼凑起来的。它的行为有点奇怪,但在边界上它很好:
编辑:错过了这个。
它保留角度,但将距离从 0 到边界之间的某个位置缩放到死区和边界之间。最大距离会有所不同,因为边上的距离为 1,角上的距离为 sqrt(2),因此必须相应地更改缩放比例。
This is what I threw together. It behaves a bit wierd, but in the boundaries it's good:
Edit: missed this one.
It preserves the angle, but scales the distance from somewhere between 0 and boundary to between deadzone and boundary. The maximum distance varies since it's 1 on the sides and sqrt(2) in the corners, so scaling must be altered accordingly.
我会尝试以不同的方式解决这个问题。 算法应
说操纵杆被向上推,但 x 位于定义的水平死区内,您需要结果是坐标 (0,y)。
因此,第一步,我将测试操纵杆坐标是否位于定义的死区内。对于圆来说,这非常简单,您只需将 x/y 坐标转换为距离(毕达哥拉斯)并检查该距离是否小于圆半径。
如果在外部,则返回 (x/y)。如果在内部,请检查 x 以及这些值是否在其水平或垂直死区内。
这是概述我的想法的草稿:
编辑
上面的想法使用原始坐标,因此假设原始 x 值范围为 [-255,255],半径为 2 并且将操纵杆设置为 x 值( -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3),它将产生序列 (-3,0,0,0,0,0,3)。因此,死区被清空,但有从 0 到 3 的跳跃。如果这是不需要的,我们可以将非死区从 ([-256,-radius],[radius,256])“拉伸”到(标准化)范围([-1,0],[0,1])。
所以我只需要标准化转换后的原始点:
简而言之:它将x轴和y轴的有效范围(范围减去死区半径)标准化为[-1,1],以便raw_x=radius转换为normalized_x= 0。
(该方法应该适用于正值和负值。至少我希望如此,目前我手头没有 IDE 或 JDK 来测试;))
I'd try to tackle the problem a bit differently. As I've understood your requirements, the algorithm should
Say the joystick is pushed up but x is inside the defined horizontal deadzone, you want the coordinate (0,y) as a result.
So in a first step, I'd test if the joystick coordinates are inside the defined deadzone. For a circle it's pretty easy, you just have to convert the x/y coordinates into a distance (Pythagoras) and check if this distance is less then the circles radius.
If it's outside, return (x/y). If it is inside, check for x and if the values are inside their horizontal or vertical deadzone.
Here's a draft to outline my idea:
Edit
The above idea uses raw coordinates, so assume the raw x value range is [-255,255], the radius is 2 and you set the joystick to the x values (-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3), it will produce the sequence (-3,0,0,0,0,0,3). So the deadzone is blanked, but there's a jump from 0 to 3. If that is unwanted, we can 'stretch' the non-deadzone from ([-256,-radius],[radius,256]) to the (normalized) range ([-1,0],[0,1]).
So I just need to normalize the converted raw points:
In brief: it normalizes the valid ranges (range minus deadzone radius) for x- and y-axis to [-1,1], so that raw_x=radius is converted to normalized_x=0.
(the method should work for positive and negative values. At least I hope it does, I have no IDE or JDK at hand at the moment to test ;) )