如何赢得这场比赛?

发布于 2024-08-14 03:55:29 字数 1386 浏览 2 评论 0原文

支持我们有一个 n * m 的桌子,两个玩家玩这个游戏。他们依次排除细胞。玩家可以选择一个单元格 (i, j) 并排除从 (i,j) 到 (n, m) 的所有单元格,排除最后一个单元格的人游戏。

例如,在3*5的棋盘上,玩家1排除了(3,3)到(3,5)的单元格,玩家2排除了(2,5)到(3,5)的棋盘,当前棋盘是这样的: (O 表示该单元格未被排除,而 x 表示该单元格已被排除)

3 O O x x x
2 O O O O x
1 O O O O O
  1 2 3 4 5

并且在玩家 1 排除了从 (2,1) 到 (3,5) 的单元格后,棋盘变为

3 x x x x x
2 x x x x x
1 O O O O O
  1 2 3 4 5

现在玩家 2 排除了来自 (1, 2) 到 (3,5),只留下 (1,1) 干净:

3 x x x x x
2 x x x x x
1 O x x x x
  1 2 3 4 5

因此玩家 1 必须排除唯一的 (1,1) 单元格,因为一名玩家必须在一轮中排除至少一个单元格,他输了比赛。

显然,在 n*n、1*n 和 2*n(n >= 2)种情况下,先玩的人获胜。

我的问题是,玩家是否有任何策略可以在所有情况下赢得比赛?他应该先上场吗?

PS

我认为这与动态规划或分而治之等策略有关,但尚未得出结论。所以我把它贴在这里。

答案

感谢sdcwc's link。对于大于 1*1 的桌子,第一个玩家将获胜。证明如下:(借自wiki页面)

事实证明,对于任何矩形 起始位置大于 1 × 1 第一个玩家可以获胜。这可以是 使用策略窃取显示 论证:假设第二个玩家 对任何人都有制胜策略 最初的第一个玩家移动。那么假设, 第一个玩家只拿走 右下角的正方形。由我们的 假设,第二个玩家有 对此的回应将迫使 胜利。但如果这样的胜利 响应存在,第一个玩家可以 已将其作为他的第一步并且 从而强行取得胜利。第二位玩家 因此无法获胜 策略。

并且 Zermelo 定理 确保了这样的存在制胜策略。

Support we have an n * m table, and two players play this game. They rule out cells in turn. A player can choose a cell (i, j) and rule out all the cells from (i,j) to (n, m), and who rules out the last cell loses the game.

For example, on a 3*5 board, player 1 rules out cell (3,3) to (3,5), and player 2 rules out (2,5) to (3,5), current board is like this: (O means the cell is not ruled out while x mean it is ruled out)

3 O O x x x
2 O O O O x
1 O O O O O
  1 2 3 4 5

and after player 1 rules out cells from (2,1) to (3,5), the board becomes

3 x x x x x
2 x x x x x
1 O O O O O
  1 2 3 4 5

Now player 2 rules out cells from (1,2) to (3,5), which leaves only (1,1) clean:

3 x x x x x
2 x x x x x
1 O x x x x
  1 2 3 4 5

So player 1 has to rules out the only (1,1) cell, since one player has to rule out at least one cell in a turn, and he loses the game.

It is clearly that in n*n, 1*n, and 2*n (n >= 2) cases, the one who plays the first wins.

My problem is that, is there any strategy for a player to win the game in all cases? Should he plays first?

P.S

I think it is related to strategies like dynamic programming or divide-and-conquer, but has not come to an idea yet. So I post it here.

The answer

Thanks to sdcwc's link. For tables bigger than 1*1, the first player will win. The proof is follow: (borrowed from the wiki page)

It turns out that for any rectangular
starting position bigger than 1 × 1
the 1st player can win. This can be
shown using a strategy-stealing
argument: assume that the 2nd player
has a winning strategy against any
initial 1st player move. Suppose then,
that the 1st player takes only the
bottom right hand square. By our
assumption, the 2nd player has a
response to this which will force
victory. But if such a winning
response exists, the 1st player could
have played it as his first move and
thus forced victory. The 2nd player
therefore cannot have a winning
strategy.

And Zermelo's theorem ensures the existence of such a winning strategy.

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染墨丶若流云 2024-08-21 03:55:29

该游戏称为 Chomp。第一个玩家获胜,请参阅他的策略链接(非建设性)。

This game is known as Chomp. The first player wins, see the link for his strategy (nonconstructive).

白首有我共你 2024-08-21 03:55:29

这是一个 Python 程序,如果允许先运行,它将在大于 1x1 的主板上获胜(但对于大于 10x10 的主板来说速度相当慢):

class State(object):
    """A state is a set of spaces that haven't yet been ruled out.
    Spaces are pairs of integers (x, y) where x and y >= 1."""

    # Only winnable states in this dictionary:
    _next_moves = {}
    # States where any play allows opponent to force a victory:
    _lose_states = set()

    def __init__(self, spaces):
        self._spaces = frozenset(spaces)

    @classmethod
    def create_board(cls, x, y):
        """Create a state with all spaces for the given board size."""
        return State([(r+1, c+1) for r in xrange(x) for c in xrange(y)])

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self._spaces == other._spaces

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._spaces)

    def play(self, move):
        """Returns a new state where the given move has been played."""
        if move not in self._spaces:
            raise ValueError('invalid move')
        new_spaces = set()
        for s in self._spaces:
            if s[0] < move[0] or s[1] < move[1]:
                new_spaces.add(s)
        return State(new_spaces)

    def winning_move(self):
        """If this state is winnable, return a move that guarantees victory."""
        if self.is_winnable() and not self.is_empty():
            return State._next_moves[self]
        return None

    def random_move(self):
        import random
        candidates = [m for m in self._spaces if m[0] > 1 and m[1] > 1]
        if candidates: return random.choice(candidates)
        candidates = [m for m in self._spaces if m[0] > 1 or m[1] > 1]
        if candidates: return random.choice(candidates)
        return (1,1)

    def minimal_move(self):
        """Return a move that removes as few pieces as possible."""
        return max(self._spaces, key=lambda s:len(self.play(s)._spaces))

    def is_winnable(self):
        """Return True if the current player can force a victory"""
        if not self._spaces or self in State._next_moves:
            return True
        if self in State._lose_states:
            return False

        # Try the moves that remove the most spaces from the board first
        plays = [(move, self.play(move)) for move in self._spaces]
        plays.sort(key=lambda play:len(play[1]._spaces))
        for move, result in plays:
            if not result.is_winnable():
                State._next_moves[self] = move
                return True
        # No moves can guarantee victory
        State._lose_states.add(self)
        return False

    def is_empty(self):
        return not self._spaces

    def draw_board(self, rows, cols):
        string = []
        for r in xrange(rows, 0, -1):
            row = ['.'] * cols
            for c in xrange(cols):
                if (r, c+1) in self._spaces:
                    row[c] = 'o'
            string.append(('%2d ' % r) + ' '.join(row))
        string.append('  ' + ''.join(('%2d' % c) for c in xrange(1, cols+1)))
        return '\n'.join(string)

    def __str__(self):
        if not self._spaces: return '.'
        rows = max(s[0] for s in self._spaces)
        cols = max(s[1] for s in self._spaces)
        return self.draw_board(rows, cols)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'State(%r)' % sorted(self._spaces)

def run_game(x, y):
    turn = 1
    state = State.create_board(x, y)
    while True:
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'Player %s wins!' % turn
            return
        if state.is_winnable():
            move = state.winning_move()
        else:
            move = state.random_move()
        state = state.play(move)
        print 'Player %s plays %s:' % (turn, move)
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        print
        turn = 3 - turn

def challenge_computer(x, y):
    state = State.create_board(x, y)
    print "Your turn:"
    print state.draw_board(x, y)
    while True:
        # Get valid user input
        while True:
            try:
                move = input('Enter move: ')
                if not (isinstance(move, tuple) and len(move) == 2):
                    raise SyntaxError
                state = state.play(move)
                break
            except SyntaxError, NameError:
                print 'Enter a pair of integers, for example: 1, 1'
            except ValueError:
                print 'Invalid move!'
            except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
                return
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'Computer wins!'
            return
        if state.is_winnable():
            move = state.winning_move()
        else:
            move = state.minimal_move()
        state = state.play(move)
        print
        print 'Computer plays %s:' % (move,)
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        print
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'You win!'
            return

if __name__ == '__main__':
    challenge_computer(8, 9)

示例运行的输出:

$ python -c 'import game; game.run_game(8, 9)'
Player 1 plays (6, 7):
 8 o o o o o o . . .
 7 o o o o o o . . .
 6 o o o o o o . . .
 5 o o o o o o o o o
 4 o o o o o o o o o
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (4, 8):
 8 o o o o o o . . .
 7 o o o o o o . . .
 6 o o o o o o . . .
 5 o o o o o o o . .
 4 o o o o o o o . .
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (5, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 o o o o o o o . .
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (3, 7):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 o o o o o o . . .
 3 o o o o o o . . .
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (4, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o o o o o . . .
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 3):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o . . . . . . .
 2 o o . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 5):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o . . . . . . .
 2 o o . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 2):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o . . . . . . . .
 2 o . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 4):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o . . . . . . . .
 2 o . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 2):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 o . . . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (1, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 . . . . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 wins!

Here's a Python program that will win for boards larger than 1x1 if allowed to go first (but it's pretty slow for boards larger than 10x10):

class State(object):
    """A state is a set of spaces that haven't yet been ruled out.
    Spaces are pairs of integers (x, y) where x and y >= 1."""

    # Only winnable states in this dictionary:
    _next_moves = {}
    # States where any play allows opponent to force a victory:
    _lose_states = set()

    def __init__(self, spaces):
        self._spaces = frozenset(spaces)

    @classmethod
    def create_board(cls, x, y):
        """Create a state with all spaces for the given board size."""
        return State([(r+1, c+1) for r in xrange(x) for c in xrange(y)])

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self._spaces == other._spaces

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._spaces)

    def play(self, move):
        """Returns a new state where the given move has been played."""
        if move not in self._spaces:
            raise ValueError('invalid move')
        new_spaces = set()
        for s in self._spaces:
            if s[0] < move[0] or s[1] < move[1]:
                new_spaces.add(s)
        return State(new_spaces)

    def winning_move(self):
        """If this state is winnable, return a move that guarantees victory."""
        if self.is_winnable() and not self.is_empty():
            return State._next_moves[self]
        return None

    def random_move(self):
        import random
        candidates = [m for m in self._spaces if m[0] > 1 and m[1] > 1]
        if candidates: return random.choice(candidates)
        candidates = [m for m in self._spaces if m[0] > 1 or m[1] > 1]
        if candidates: return random.choice(candidates)
        return (1,1)

    def minimal_move(self):
        """Return a move that removes as few pieces as possible."""
        return max(self._spaces, key=lambda s:len(self.play(s)._spaces))

    def is_winnable(self):
        """Return True if the current player can force a victory"""
        if not self._spaces or self in State._next_moves:
            return True
        if self in State._lose_states:
            return False

        # Try the moves that remove the most spaces from the board first
        plays = [(move, self.play(move)) for move in self._spaces]
        plays.sort(key=lambda play:len(play[1]._spaces))
        for move, result in plays:
            if not result.is_winnable():
                State._next_moves[self] = move
                return True
        # No moves can guarantee victory
        State._lose_states.add(self)
        return False

    def is_empty(self):
        return not self._spaces

    def draw_board(self, rows, cols):
        string = []
        for r in xrange(rows, 0, -1):
            row = ['.'] * cols
            for c in xrange(cols):
                if (r, c+1) in self._spaces:
                    row[c] = 'o'
            string.append(('%2d ' % r) + ' '.join(row))
        string.append('  ' + ''.join(('%2d' % c) for c in xrange(1, cols+1)))
        return '\n'.join(string)

    def __str__(self):
        if not self._spaces: return '.'
        rows = max(s[0] for s in self._spaces)
        cols = max(s[1] for s in self._spaces)
        return self.draw_board(rows, cols)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'State(%r)' % sorted(self._spaces)

def run_game(x, y):
    turn = 1
    state = State.create_board(x, y)
    while True:
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'Player %s wins!' % turn
            return
        if state.is_winnable():
            move = state.winning_move()
        else:
            move = state.random_move()
        state = state.play(move)
        print 'Player %s plays %s:' % (turn, move)
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        print
        turn = 3 - turn

def challenge_computer(x, y):
    state = State.create_board(x, y)
    print "Your turn:"
    print state.draw_board(x, y)
    while True:
        # Get valid user input
        while True:
            try:
                move = input('Enter move: ')
                if not (isinstance(move, tuple) and len(move) == 2):
                    raise SyntaxError
                state = state.play(move)
                break
            except SyntaxError, NameError:
                print 'Enter a pair of integers, for example: 1, 1'
            except ValueError:
                print 'Invalid move!'
            except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
                return
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'Computer wins!'
            return
        if state.is_winnable():
            move = state.winning_move()
        else:
            move = state.minimal_move()
        state = state.play(move)
        print
        print 'Computer plays %s:' % (move,)
        print state.draw_board(x, y)
        print
        if state.is_empty():
            print 'You win!'
            return

if __name__ == '__main__':
    challenge_computer(8, 9)

And the output from a sample run:

$ python -c 'import game; game.run_game(8, 9)'
Player 1 plays (6, 7):
 8 o o o o o o . . .
 7 o o o o o o . . .
 6 o o o o o o . . .
 5 o o o o o o o o o
 4 o o o o o o o o o
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (4, 8):
 8 o o o o o o . . .
 7 o o o o o o . . .
 6 o o o o o o . . .
 5 o o o o o o o . .
 4 o o o o o o o . .
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (5, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 o o o o o o o . .
 3 o o o o o o o o o
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (3, 7):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 o o o o o o . . .
 3 o o o o o o . . .
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (4, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o o o o o . . .
 2 o o o o o o o o o
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 3):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o . . . . . . .
 2 o o . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o o o o o o
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 5):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o o . . . . . . .
 2 o o . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 2):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o . . . . . . . .
 2 o . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o o . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 4):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 o . . . . . . . .
 2 o . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (2, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 o o o . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 plays (1, 2):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 o . . . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 2 plays (1, 1):
 8 . . . . . . . . .
 7 . . . . . . . . .
 6 . . . . . . . . .
 5 . . . . . . . . .
 4 . . . . . . . . .
 3 . . . . . . . . .
 2 . . . . . . . . .
 1 . . . . . . . . .
   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Player 1 wins!
吾性傲以野 2024-08-21 03:55:29

我想到的一件事是:如果棋盘是 2x2,则第一个玩家输了:事实上,从这个棋盘来看:

O O 
O O

有两种变化(a 和 b):

a.1)

1 1
O O

a.2)第一个玩家输了

1 1
O 2

,或者,b。 1)

1 O
O O

b.2) 第一个玩家输了,

1 2
O 2

此时该策略归结为迫使棋盘变成 2x2 的平方;那么,第一个进入该棋盘的人将失去它。这将引导您进入策略的第二步,主要是:

如何确保您不是进入此类配置的人?

或者,

有多少配置可以引导我获得这样的配置配置,从更大的开始?例如,从3x3棋盘开始:

O O O
O O O
O O O

有多种策略,取决于谁先开始以及有多少个无效;我建议,此时,使用遗传算法来探索最佳解决方案(这很有趣!相信我):)

A thing that comes to mind: if the board is 2x2, the first player loses: in fact, from this board:

O O 
O O

there are two variations (a and b):

a.1)

1 1
O O

a.2) first player loses

1 1
O 2

or, b.1)

1 O
O O

b.2) first player loses

1 2
O 2

at this point the strategy boils down to forcing the board to become 2x2 squared; then, the first that enters that board will lose it. This will lead you to the second step of your strategy, mainly:

how to make sure you're not the one entering such configuration?

or,

how many configurations are there that will lead me to obtain such a configuration, starting from a larger one? For example, starting from a 3x3 board:

O O O
O O O
O O O

there are several strategies, depending on who starts first and how many are nullified; I suggest, at this point, using a genetic algorithm to explore the best solution (it's fun! believe me) :)

千鲤 2024-08-21 03:55:29

这类似于经常玩的比赛游戏(不记得名字了)

无论如何,我认为这取决于棋盘的形状谁会获胜。 2*2 对于第二个玩家来说是微不足道的失败,而 2 * N 对于第一个玩家来说是微不足道的失败,因为通过将棋盘减少到 2*2 并迫使另一个玩家玩。我认为所有方形板都是第二个玩家获胜,而矩形是第一个玩家获胜,但尚未证明这一点

编辑:

好的我认为这是对于方形板 p1 总是选择 2,2 然后平衡行和列
确保 p2 输掉,

就像 sdcwc 的评论一样,矩形板也是第一个玩家获胜。只有退化棋盘 1 * 1 才是第二位玩家获胜

This is similar to a game often played with matches (can't recall the name)

Anyway I think it depends on the shape of the board who wins. 2*2 is trivially a lose for the second player and 2 * N is trivially a lose for the first by reducing the board to 2*2 and forcing the other player to play. I think all square boards are second player wins while rectangular are first player wins, but not proved it yet

Edit:

Ok I think it is for a square board p1 always chooses 2,2 then balances the row and column
ensuring p2 loses

as with sdcwc's comment rectangluar boards are also a first player win. only the degenerate board 1 * 1 is a 2nd player win

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