如何使用 Python C API 创建生成器/迭代器?
如何使用 Python C API 复制以下 Python 代码?
class Sequence():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def data(self):
i = 0
while i < self.max:
yield i
i += 1
到目前为止,我有这个:
#include <Python/Python.h>
#include <Python/structmember.h>
/* Define a new object class, Sequence. */
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
size_t max;
} SequenceObject;
/* Instance variables */
static PyMemberDef Sequence_members[] = {
{"max", T_UINT, offsetof(SequenceObject, max), 0, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static int Sequence_Init(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "k", &(self->max))) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args);
/* Methods */
static PyMethodDef Sequence_methods[] = {
{"data", (PyCFunction)Sequence_data, METH_NOARGS,
"sequence.data() -> iterator object\n"
"Returns iterator of range [0, sequence.max)."},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
/* Define new object type */
PyTypeObject Sequence_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Sequence", /* tp_name */
sizeof(SequenceObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
0, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
"Test generator object", /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
Sequence_members, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
(initproc)Sequence_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
/* Now what? */
}
但我不知道下一步该去哪里。有人可以提供一些建议吗?
编辑
我想我遇到的主要问题是模拟 yield
语句。据我了解,这是一个看起来非常简单,但实际上很复杂的语句 - 它创建了一个带有自己的 __iter__() 和 next()
的生成器自动调用的方法。搜索文档,它似乎与 PyGenObject 相关;然而,如何创建该对象的新实例尚不清楚。 PyGen_New()
将 PyFrameObject
作为其参数,我能找到的唯一参考是 PyEval_GetFrame()
,这似乎不是我想要的(或者我错了?)。有谁有这方面的经验可以分享吗?
进一步编辑
当我(本质上)扩展Python在幕后所做的事情时,我发现这一点更加清晰:
class IterObject():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def __iter__(self):
self.i = 0
return self
def next(self):
if self.i >= self.max:
raise StopIteration
self.i += 1
return self.i
class Sequence():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def data(self):
return IterObject(self.max)
从技术上讲,序列偏离了一个,但你明白了。
唯一的问题是,每次需要生成器时创建一个新对象是非常烦人的——在 Python 中比在 C 中更是如此,因为定义新类型所需的怪物。 C 中不能有 yield 语句,因为 C 没有闭包。相反,我所做的(因为我在 Python API 中找不到它 - 如果标准对象已经存在,请指出它!)是创建一个简单的通用生成器对象类,该类称为为每个 next()
方法调用返回一个 C 函数。就是这样(请注意,我还没有尝试编译它,因为它不完整 - 见下文):
#include <Python/Python.h>
#include <Python/structmember.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A convenient, generic generator object. */
typedef PyObject *(*callback)(PyObject *callee, void *info) PyGeneratorCallback;
typedef struct {
PyObject HEAD
PyGeneratorCallback callback;
PyObject *callee;
void *callbackInfo; /* info to be passed along to callback function. */
bool freeInfo; /* true if |callbackInfo| should be free'()d when object
* dealloc's, false if not. */
} GeneratorObject;
static PyObject *Generator_iter(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
Py_INCREF(self);
return self;
}
static PyObject *Generator_next(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
return self->callback(self->callee, self->callbackInfo);
}
static PyMethodDef Generator_methods[] = {
{"__iter__", (PyCFunction)Generator_iter, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
{"next", (PyCFunction)Generator_next, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static void Generator_dealloc(GenericEventObject *self)
{
if (self->freeInfo && self->callbackInfo != NULL) {
free(self->callbackInfo);
}
self->ob_type->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}
PyTypeObject Generator_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Generator", /* tp_name */
sizeof(GeneratorObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
Generator_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
0, /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
0, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
0, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
/* Returns a new generator object with the given callback function
* and arguments. */
PyObject *Generator_New(PyObject *callee, void *info,
bool freeInfo, PyGeneratorCallback callback)
{
GeneratorObject *generator = (GeneratorObject *)_PyObject_New(&Generator_Type);
if (generator == NULL) return NULL;
generator->callee = callee;
generator->info = info;
generator->callback = callback;
self->freeInfo = freeInfo;
return (PyObject *)generator;
}
/* End of Generator definition. */
/* Define a new object class, Sequence. */
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
size_t max;
} SequenceObject;
/* Instance variables */
static PyMemberDef Sequence_members[] = {
{"max", T_UINT, offsetof(SequenceObject, max), 0, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
}
static int Sequence_Init(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "k", &self->max)) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args);
/* Methods */
static PyMethodDef Sequence_methods[] = {
{"data", (PyCFunction)Sequence_data, METH_NOARGS,
"sequence.data() -> iterator object\n"
"Returns generator of range [0, sequence.max)."},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
/* Define new object type */
PyTypeObject Sequence_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Sequence", /* tp_name */
sizeof(SequenceObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
0, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
"Test generator object", /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
Sequence_members, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
(initproc)Sequence_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
size_t *info = malloc(sizeof(size_t));
if (info == NULL) return NULL;
*info = 0;
/* |info| will be free'()d by the returned generator object. */
GeneratorObject *ret = Generator_New(self, info, true,
&Sequence_data_next_callback);
if (ret == NULL) {
free(info); /* Watch out for memory leaks! */
}
return ret;
}
PyObject *Sequence_data_next_callback(PyObject *self, void *info)
{
size_t i = info;
if (i > self->max) {
return NULL; /* TODO: How do I raise StopIteration here? I can't seem to find
* a standard exception. */
} else {
return Py_BuildValue("k", i++);
}
}
但是,不幸的是,我还没有完成。我剩下的唯一问题是:如何使用 C API 引发 StopIteration
异常?我似乎找不到 标准异常 中列出的内容。另外,也许更重要的是,这是解决这个问题的正确方法吗?
感谢任何仍在关注此内容的人。
How do I replicate the following Python code with the Python C API?
class Sequence():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def data(self):
i = 0
while i < self.max:
yield i
i += 1
So far, I have this:
#include <Python/Python.h>
#include <Python/structmember.h>
/* Define a new object class, Sequence. */
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
size_t max;
} SequenceObject;
/* Instance variables */
static PyMemberDef Sequence_members[] = {
{"max", T_UINT, offsetof(SequenceObject, max), 0, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static int Sequence_Init(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "k", &(self->max))) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args);
/* Methods */
static PyMethodDef Sequence_methods[] = {
{"data", (PyCFunction)Sequence_data, METH_NOARGS,
"sequence.data() -> iterator object\n"
"Returns iterator of range [0, sequence.max)."},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
/* Define new object type */
PyTypeObject Sequence_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Sequence", /* tp_name */
sizeof(SequenceObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
0, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
"Test generator object", /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
Sequence_members, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
(initproc)Sequence_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
/* Now what? */
}
But I'm not sure where to go next. Could anyone offer some suggestions?
Edit
I suppose the main problem I'm having with this is simulating the yield
statement. As I understand it, it is a pretty simple-looking, but in reality complex, statement — it creates a generator with its own __iter__()
and next()
methods which are called automatically. Searching through the docs, it seems to be associated with the PyGenObject; however, how to create a new instance of this object is unclear. PyGen_New()
takes as its argument a PyFrameObject
, the only reference to which I can find is PyEval_GetFrame()
, which doesn't seem to be what I want (or am I mistaken?). Does anyone have any experience with this they can share?
Further Edit
I found this to be clearer when I (essentially) expanded what Python was doing behind the scenes:
class IterObject():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def __iter__(self):
self.i = 0
return self
def next(self):
if self.i >= self.max:
raise StopIteration
self.i += 1
return self.i
class Sequence():
def __init__(self, max):
self.max = max
def data(self):
return IterObject(self.max)
Technically the sequence is off by one but you get the idea.
The only problem with this is it's very annoying to create a new object every time one needs a generator — even more so in Python than C because of the required monstrosity that comes with defining a new type. And there can be no yield
statement in C because C has no closures. What I did instead (since I couldn't find it in the Python API — please point me to a standard object if it already exists!) was create a simple, generic generator object class that called back a C function for every next()
method call. Here it is (note that I have not yet tried compiling this because it is not complete — see below):
#include <Python/Python.h>
#include <Python/structmember.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A convenient, generic generator object. */
typedef PyObject *(*callback)(PyObject *callee, void *info) PyGeneratorCallback;
typedef struct {
PyObject HEAD
PyGeneratorCallback callback;
PyObject *callee;
void *callbackInfo; /* info to be passed along to callback function. */
bool freeInfo; /* true if |callbackInfo| should be free'()d when object
* dealloc's, false if not. */
} GeneratorObject;
static PyObject *Generator_iter(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
Py_INCREF(self);
return self;
}
static PyObject *Generator_next(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
return self->callback(self->callee, self->callbackInfo);
}
static PyMethodDef Generator_methods[] = {
{"__iter__", (PyCFunction)Generator_iter, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
{"next", (PyCFunction)Generator_next, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static void Generator_dealloc(GenericEventObject *self)
{
if (self->freeInfo && self->callbackInfo != NULL) {
free(self->callbackInfo);
}
self->ob_type->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}
PyTypeObject Generator_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Generator", /* tp_name */
sizeof(GeneratorObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
Generator_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
0, /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
0, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
0, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
/* Returns a new generator object with the given callback function
* and arguments. */
PyObject *Generator_New(PyObject *callee, void *info,
bool freeInfo, PyGeneratorCallback callback)
{
GeneratorObject *generator = (GeneratorObject *)_PyObject_New(&Generator_Type);
if (generator == NULL) return NULL;
generator->callee = callee;
generator->info = info;
generator->callback = callback;
self->freeInfo = freeInfo;
return (PyObject *)generator;
}
/* End of Generator definition. */
/* Define a new object class, Sequence. */
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
size_t max;
} SequenceObject;
/* Instance variables */
static PyMemberDef Sequence_members[] = {
{"max", T_UINT, offsetof(SequenceObject, max), 0, NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
}
static int Sequence_Init(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "k", &self->max)) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args);
/* Methods */
static PyMethodDef Sequence_methods[] = {
{"data", (PyCFunction)Sequence_data, METH_NOARGS,
"sequence.data() -> iterator object\n"
"Returns generator of range [0, sequence.max)."},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
/* Define new object type */
PyTypeObject Sequence_Type = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
0, /* ob_size */
"Sequence", /* tp_name */
sizeof(SequenceObject), /* tp_basicsize */
0, /* tp_itemsize */
0, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_compare */
0, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
0, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
0, /* tp_getattro */
0, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags*/
"Test generator object", /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
0, /* tp_methods */
Sequence_members, /* tp_members */
0, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
(initproc)Sequence_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
static PyObject *Sequence_data(SequenceObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
size_t *info = malloc(sizeof(size_t));
if (info == NULL) return NULL;
*info = 0;
/* |info| will be free'()d by the returned generator object. */
GeneratorObject *ret = Generator_New(self, info, true,
&Sequence_data_next_callback);
if (ret == NULL) {
free(info); /* Watch out for memory leaks! */
}
return ret;
}
PyObject *Sequence_data_next_callback(PyObject *self, void *info)
{
size_t i = info;
if (i > self->max) {
return NULL; /* TODO: How do I raise StopIteration here? I can't seem to find
* a standard exception. */
} else {
return Py_BuildValue("k", i++);
}
}
However, unfortunately, I'm still not finished. The only question I have left is: How do I raise a StopIteration
exception with the C API? I can't seem to find it listed in the Standard Exceptions. Also, perhaps more importantly, is this the correct way to approach this problem?
Thanks to anyone that's still following this.
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评论(2)
下面是模块
spam
的一个简单实现,其中一个函数myiter(int)
返回迭代器:打印从 0 到 9 的数字。
它比您的情况更简单,但显示了要点:使用标准
__iter__()
和next()
方法定义对象,并实现迭代器行为,包括在适当时引发StopIteration
。在您的情况下,迭代器对象需要保存对序列的引用(因此您需要将其释放到 Py_DECREF 的方法)。
序列本身需要实现 __iter()__ 并在其中创建一个迭代器。
包含迭代器状态的结构。
(在您的版本中,它将引用 Sequence,而不是 m。)
迭代器的 __iter__() 方法。
它总是简单地返回
self
。它允许对迭代器和集合进行相同的处理
在类似
for ... in ...
的结构中。迭代的实现:
next()
方法。我们需要
PyTypeObject
结构的扩展版本来为 Python 提供有关
__iter__()
和next()
的信息。我们希望它们能够被有效地调用,因此在字典中不需要基于名称的查找。
myiter(int)
函数创建迭代器。剩下的就比较无聊了...
Below is a simple implementation of module
spam
with one functionmyiter(int)
returning iterator:prints numbers from 0 to 9.
It is simpler then your case but shows main points: defining object with standard
__iter__()
andnext()
methods, and implementing iterator behaviour including raisingStopIteration
when appropriate.In your case iterator object needs to hold reference to Sequence (so you'll need deallocator method for it to Py_DECREF it).
The sequence itself needs to implement
__iter()__
and create an iterator inside it.Structure containing state of iterator.
(In your version instead of m, it would have reference to Sequence.)
Iterator's
__iter__()
method.It always simply returns
self
.It allows for both iterator and collection to be treated the same
in constructs like
for ... in ...
.Implementation of our iteration:
next()
method.We need extended version of
PyTypeObject
structure to provide Python withinformation about
__iter__()
andnext()
.We want them to be called efficiently, so no name-based lookup in dictionary.
myiter(int)
function creates iterator.The rest is pretty boring...
在
Sequence_data
中,您必须返回一个新的 PyInt 实例,或者抛出一个StopIteration
异常,告诉外部代码没有更多值。有关详细信息,请参阅 PEP 255 和 9.10 生成器。有关 Python/C API 中的辅助函数,请参阅迭代器协议。
In
Sequence_data
, you must either return a new PyInt instance or throw aStopIteration
exception which tells the code outside that there are no more values. See PEP 255 for details and 9.10 Generators.See Iterator Protocol for helper functions in the Python/C API.