非冯·诺依曼架构有哪些示例？
如果我理解正确的话，现代计算机是按照冯·诺依曼架构建模的。我有时会看到对替代方案的参考，但还没有真正看到任何关于非冯·诺依曼架构如何组织和运行的很好的描述。
有人有例子吗？替代计算机组织的优点/缺点是什么？
If I understand correctly modern computers are modeled after the Von Neumann architecture. I have sometimes seen reference to alternatives, but haven't really seen any very good descriptions of how non-Von Neumann architectures would be organised and function.
Does anyone have any examples? What are the advantages/disadvantages of alternative computer organization?
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非冯诺依曼机的例子是数据流机和归约机。在这两种情况下，都存在高度并行性，并且名称和常量值之间不是变量而是不可变的绑定。
非冯·诺依曼通常保留用于代表与冯·诺依曼模型根本不同的机器，因此通常不适用于有效提供一组协作冯·诺依曼机器的多处理器或多计算机体系结构。
Examples of non von Neumann machines are the dataflow machines and the reduction machines. In both of these cases there is a high degree of parallelism, and instead of variables there are immutable bindings between names and constant values.
non von Neumann is usually reserved for machines that represent a radical departure from the von Neumann model, and is therefore not normally applied to multiprocessor or multicomputer architectures, which effectively offer a set of cooperating von Neumann machines.
我相信最常见的是 哈佛架构 或 修改后的哈佛架构，用于许多基于 ARM 的芯片。我确信存在很多差异，但这里有一个最突出的差异
I believe the most common one would be the Harvard architecture or the Modified Harvard architecture which is used in a lot of ARM based chips. I am sure there are many differences, but here is one that stands out
元胞自动机——这种早于神经网络的技术，但其思想非常相似。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton
神经网络可以被视为一种形式元胞自动机，或者他们自己的独特的非冯诺依曼架构。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network
Cellular automata - this predated neural network, but the ideas are very similar.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton
Neural networks can be viewed as a form of cellular automata, or a distinct non-von Neuman architecture of their own.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network
量子计算机也是另一个例子。它们与其他计算机不同，主要是因为在它们上解决问题所需的时间顺序。无论是冯·诺依曼还是哈佛，经典计算机都可以使用图灵机进行建模。
他们有自己的模型，称为量子图灵机。
Quantum computers are also another example. They differ from other computers, mainly because of the order of time needed for a problem to be solved on them. Classical computers can be modeled using a Turing machine whether von Neuman or Harvard.
They have their own model called a Quantum Turing Machine.
数据流计算机和简化计算机是非冯诺依曼体系结构的例子。
data flow computers and reduction computers are the example of non von neumann arhchitecture.
另一个例子：与问题无关的机器（当今大多数机器的情况）。
一个明显的例子是恩尼格玛机。二战德军使用：它只能解决一个问题：通讯加密！
在诉诺依曼架构中，机器应该能够解决任何可能的问题。时间的唯一限制实际上是用于构建计算机的技术：P
Another example: The machines that are not problem independent (the case of most of the machines today).
An obviously Example is the Enigma-Machine. Used by German Army in the Second World War: It can solve just one problem: The encription of Communications!
In v. Neumann Architectures the Machines should be capable to solve any possible problem. The only limitation that time was actually the technologies used to build computers :P
模拟计算机怎么样？我猜他们使用不同的架构。
What about Analog Computers? I guess they use different architecture.
大脑可以被认为是非冯·诺依曼架构的计算机。 IBM 目前正在研究非冯诺依曼解决方案。惠普实验室的“机器”也可能是非冯诺依曼的。
The Brain could be considered a non-von neumann architecture computer. IBM is currently working on a non-von neumann solution. HP labs "The Machine" may also be non von-neumann.
PIC 微控制器采用哈佛架构。请参阅 www.microchip.com 或 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller。这些是非常便宜的控制器，可以通过编程来控制不同的设备，例如开灯或启动电机。从编程的角度来看，有趣的部分是程序代码位于内存中，所有变量都保存在寄存器中。
PIC microcontrollers use the Harvard architecture. See www.microchip.com or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller. These are very cheap controllers that can be programmed to control different devices, like turning on lights or starting a motor. The fun part from programming point of view is that the program code is in memory and all variables are kept in registers.