Toontalk is something to look at. I used it successfully with group of ten- to eleven-year-old children, and it's been used with much younger kids. Of course, I think Scratch has too. But Toontalk is specifically built to feel more like a game. It's essentially a 3D world that kids can explore and interact with, and in which they create programs by training robots. Highly recommended.
I'll admit, I'm not a professional educator. And my info on kid's programming education may be too obsolete, but my mom was as close as they came to a computer educator in the 1980s, and here's some tricks from her book.
When I was 8, she had no problem teaching me logo
I would think that before reading skills are somewhat developed, it would be hard to teach the semantics of any programming language - however simple. And the first "aha!" for programming (to me) would be realizing that if you give really simple commands to the computer, it will do neat stuff for you.
If I had to teach kids that were still working on reading fundamentals, I'd probably focus it on games that are not directly connected to a programming language, but which do involve logic development. Things like:
Assigning letters to codes and translating from letter to code
Games where you follow simple rules to move things around, emulating data structures.
Puzzle games making use of computer science concepts - like shortest path algorithms. Not in analyzing the algorithm, but in developing it in the first place.
I'm afraid I don't know of a pre-built set of material for this sort of stuff. But I think that you might be able to create your own.
The limits would be the cognitive abilities of the kids -- I know that there are certain points where the theories say that kids can't do certain types of abstract concepts. For example, I was just listening to an example that mentioned that pre-schoolers can't handle the idea that something may have more than one name. Not quite knowing where those points of cognitive growth typically occur, I'm not 100% certain of what game would be right for what age group -- it might be trial and error.
我用 Alice 来教 11-14 岁的孩子。它对他们来说效果很好，但我不会将它用于比那小得多的孩子，除非是一对一的情况。我不能代表 Scratch 说话。
不过，我可以说的一件事是乐高 Mindstorm 编程。与 Alice 和 Scratch 不同，它是有成本的，但对于一年级到四年级来说它非常容易上手。看看第一乐高联盟是否在您附近有一个团体，以便您可以与其他人一起帮助支付费用。
I use Alice to teach children ages 11-14. It works well for them, but I would not use it for children much younger than that unless it was a one-on-one situation. I can't speak for Scratch.
One thing I can speak for though, is Lego Mindstorm programming. There is a cost to it, unlike Alice and Scratch, but it is very approachable for 1st through 4th grade. See if the First Lego League has a group near you so you can join up with others to help with costs.
Microsoft has also Small Basic and shipped v0.2 recently.
This version also includes a cool new
feature that allows students to easily
graduate from Small Basic to Visual
Basic with the touch of a button.
Check out the full release notes in
the Small Basic blog.
Small Basic is a project that's aimed
at bringing "fun" back to programming.
By providing a small and easy to learn
programming language in a friendly and
inviting development environment,
Small Basic makes programming a
breeze. Ideal for kids and adults
alike, Small Basic helps beginners
take the first step into the wonderful
world of programming.
When I was really small we were taught things that have similarities to programming but aren't quite programming, games with puzzles to solve, tangrams, and even choose-your-own-adventure writing programs. Later we learned LOGO.
There are some systems like toontalk, but to do anything like programming, you need to cope with sequence - this follows that, follows that, follows that - and basic arithmetic. Which is why 8+.
Younger, you want the children you work with to either have a good sense of what sequence might be - say from following instructions - and to be supported by a good interface, where drag and drop isn't as fiddly as scratch.
RoboMind is a simple educational programming environment with an own scripting language that allows beginners to learn the basics of computer science by programming a simulated robot.
In addition to introducing common programming techniques, it also aims at offering insights in robotics and artificial intelligence. RoboMind is available as stand-alone application for Windows, Linux and Mac OSX. It is free and open source.
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Toontalk 是值得一看的东西。我在十到十一岁的孩子身上成功地使用了它，而且它也被用于更小的孩子。当然，我认为 Scratch 也有。但Toontalk 是专门为感觉更像是一款游戏而设计的。它本质上是一个孩子们可以探索和互动的 3D 世界，他们可以在其中通过训练机器人来创建程序。强烈推荐。
Toontalk 3d 环境巧妙地隐喻了复杂的编程概念。 Toontalk 网站上链接了很多关于 Toontalk 背后的教育理论的学术论文。这是一篇有趣的论文，描述了 Toontalk 3d 对象如何映射到抽象编程概念。
Toontalk is something to look at. I used it successfully with group of ten- to eleven-year-old children, and it's been used with much younger kids. Of course, I think Scratch has too. But Toontalk is specifically built to feel more like a game. It's essentially a 3D world that kids can explore and interact with, and in which they create programs by training robots. Highly recommended.
The Toontalk 3d environment ingeniously operates as a metaphor for sophisticated programming concepts. There are quite a few academic papers linked on Toontalk site about the educational theory behind Toontalk. Here's one interesting paper that describes how the Toontalk 3d objects map onto abstract programmming concepts.
我承认，我不是一个专业的教育家。我关于儿童编程教育的信息可能已经过时了，但我妈妈就像 20 世纪 80 年代的计算机教育家一样接近，这里有一些来自她书中的技巧。
当我 8 岁的时候，她教我 logo 没有任何问题，
我认为在阅读技能得到一定程度的发展之前，很难教任何编程语言的语义 - 无论多么简单。第一个“啊哈！”对于编程（对我来说）来说，我会意识到，如果你向计算机发出非常简单的命令，它就会为你做一些漂亮的事情。
如果我必须教仍在学习阅读基础知识的孩子，我可能会将重点放在与编程语言没有直接联系但确实涉及逻辑开发的游戏上。例如：
恐怕我不知道有一套用于此类内容的预制材料。但我认为你也许能够创建自己的。
限制将是孩子们的认知能力——我知道在某些方面，理论认为孩子们不能做某些类型的抽象概念。例如，我刚刚听到一个例子，其中提到学龄前儿童无法处理某物可能有多个名称的想法。由于不太清楚这些认知增长点通常发生在哪里，我不能 100% 确定哪种游戏适合哪个年龄段——这可能需要反复试验。
I'll admit, I'm not a professional educator. And my info on kid's programming education may be too obsolete, but my mom was as close as they came to a computer educator in the 1980s, and here's some tricks from her book.
When I was 8, she had no problem teaching me logo
I would think that before reading skills are somewhat developed, it would be hard to teach the semantics of any programming language - however simple. And the first "aha!" for programming (to me) would be realizing that if you give really simple commands to the computer, it will do neat stuff for you.
If I had to teach kids that were still working on reading fundamentals, I'd probably focus it on games that are not directly connected to a programming language, but which do involve logic development. Things like:
I'm afraid I don't know of a pre-built set of material for this sort of stuff. But I think that you might be able to create your own.
The limits would be the cognitive abilities of the kids -- I know that there are certain points where the theories say that kids can't do certain types of abstract concepts. For example, I was just listening to an example that mentioned that pre-schoolers can't handle the idea that something may have more than one name. Not quite knowing where those points of cognitive growth typically occur, I'm not 100% certain of what game would be right for what age group -- it might be trial and error.
我用 Alice 来教 11-14 岁的孩子。它对他们来说效果很好，但我不会将它用于比那小得多的孩子，除非是一对一的情况。我不能代表 Scratch 说话。
不过，我可以说的一件事是乐高 Mindstorm 编程。与 Alice 和 Scratch 不同，它是有成本的，但对于一年级到四年级来说它非常容易上手。看看第一乐高联盟是否在您附近有一个团体，以便您可以与其他人一起帮助支付费用。
I use Alice to teach children ages 11-14. It works well for them, but I would not use it for children much younger than that unless it was a one-on-one situation. I can't speak for Scratch.
One thing I can speak for though, is Lego Mindstorm programming. There is a cost to it, unlike Alice and Scratch, but it is very approachable for 1st through 4th grade. See if the First Lego League has a group near you so you can join up with others to help with costs.
Scratch 是我为孩子找到的最简单的编程语言。您可以像徽标一样使用它，但它更好。
我认为爱丽丝对于 8 岁的孩子来说太难了。
Scratch is the simplest programming language I have found for kids. You can use it like logo, but it is much nicer.
I think Alice is too hard for kids of age 8 years.
Microsoft最近还拥有
小型基本和已发货的V0.2。下载和有关更多信息： MS小基本v 0.2
Microsoft has also
Small Basicand shipped v0.2 recently.Download and for more information : MS Small Basic v 0.2
当我真的很小的时候，我们被教导了与编程相似但编程不太相似的东西，拼图解决的游戏，Tangrams，甚至选择自己的冒险书写程序。后来我们学习了徽标。
When I was really small we were taught things that have similarities to programming but aren't quite programming, games with puzzles to solve, tangrams, and even choose-your-own-adventure writing programs. Later we learned LOGO.
有一些像toontalk这样的系统，但是要做任何像编程这样的事情，你需要处理序列——这个接着那个，接着那个，接着那个——以及基本算术。这就是为什么8+。
对于年龄较小的孩子，您希望与您一起工作的孩子能够很好地了解可能的顺序（例如按照以下说明），并得到良好界面的支持，其中拖放操作不像从头开始那么繁琐。
There are some systems like toontalk, but to do anything like programming, you need to cope with sequence - this follows that, follows that, follows that - and basic arithmetic. Which is why 8+.
Younger, you want the children you work with to either have a good sense of what sequence might be - say from following instructions - and to be supported by a good interface, where drag and drop isn't as fiddly as scratch.
RoboMind 是一个简单的教育编程环境，拥有自己的脚本语言，允许初学者通过对模拟机器人进行编程来学习计算机科学的基础知识。
除了介绍常见的编程技术外，它还旨在提供机器人和人工智能方面的见解。 RoboMind 可作为 Windows、Linux 和 Mac OSX 的独立应用程序使用。它是免费且开源的。
值得一试！
www.robomind.net
RoboMind is a simple educational programming environment with an own scripting language that allows beginners to learn the basics of computer science by programming a simulated robot.
In addition to introducing common programming techniques, it also aims at offering insights in robotics and artificial intelligence. RoboMind is available as stand-alone application for Windows, Linux and Mac OSX. It is free and open source.
Worth to give a try!
www.robomind.net