改进足球模拟算法

Question

在另一个问题中，您帮助我构建了足球模拟算法。 我在那里得到了一些非常好的答案。 再次感谢！

现在我已经编写了这个算法。我想改进它并发现其中可能存在的小错误。我不想讨论如何解决它——就像我们在上一个问题中所做的那样。现在我只想改进它。你能再帮我一次吗？

1. 有没有错误？
2. 嵌套 if 子句的结构好吗？是否可以改进？
3. 根据我的描述，战术整合是否正确？

影响随机性的战术设置：

• $战术[x][0]调整（1=防御，2=中立，3=进攻）：值越高，攻击越弱防守越强，进攻就越强
• $tropicsx 比赛速度（1=慢， 2=中，3=快）：值越高，机会就越好，但获得快速反击的风险就越高
• $战术x 传球距离（1=短传，2=中传，3=长传）：值越高，获得的机会越少但越好，越位的可能性也越大
• $tropicsx 创建更改（1=安全，2=中，3=风险）：值越高，机会就越大，但获得快速反击的风险就越高
• $战术[x][4] 防守压力（1=低，2=中，3=高）：值越高，你的反击速度越快
• $战术[x][5]攻击性（1=低，2=中，3=高）：值越高，你的攻击性越强进攻将因犯规而停止

注意： 策略 0 和策略 4 部分集成在引擎的其余部分中，在此功能中不需要。

当前算法：

<?php
function tactics_weight($wert) {
    $neuerWert = $wert*0.1+0.8;
    return $neuerWert;
}
function strengths_weight($wert) {
    $neuerWert = log10($wert+1)+0.35;
    return $neuerWert;
}
function Chance_Percent($chance, $universe = 100) {
    $chance = abs(intval($chance));
    $universe = abs(intval($universe));
    if (mt_rand(1, $universe) <= $chance) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
function simulate_attack($teamname_att, $teamname_def, $strength_att, $strength_def) {
    global $minute, $goals, $_POST, $matchReport, $fouls, $yellowCards, $redCards, $offsides, $shots, $tactics;
    // input values: attacker's name, defender's name, attacker's strength array, defender's strength array
    // players' strength values vary from 0.1 to 9.9
    $matchReport .= '<p>'.$minute.'\': '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'attack');
    $offense_strength = $strength_att['forwards']/$strength_def['defenders'];
    $defense_strength = $strength_def['defenders']/$strength_att['forwards'];
    if (Chance_Percent(50*$offense_strength*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][1])/tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][2]))) {
        // attacking team passes 1st third of opponent's field side
        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'advance');
        if (Chance_Percent(25*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_def][5]))) {
            // the defending team fouls the attacking team
            $fouls[$teamname_def]++;
            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'foul');
            if (Chance_Percent(43)) {
                // yellow card for the defending team
                $yellowCards[$teamname_def]++;
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'yellow');
            }
            elseif (Chance_Percent(3)) {
                // red card for the defending team
                $redCards[$teamname_def]++;
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'red');
            }
            // indirect free kick
            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'iFreeKick');
            if (Chance_Percent(25*strengths_weight($strength_att['forwards']))) {
                // shot at the goal
                $shots[$teamname_att]++;
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'iFreeKick_shot');
                if (Chance_Percent(25/strengths_weight($strength_def['goalkeeper']))) {
                    // attacking team scores
                    $goals[$teamname_att]++;
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'shot_score');
                }
                else {
                    // defending goalkeeper saves
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'iFreeKick_shot_save');
                }
            }
            else {
                // defending team cleares the ball
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'iFreeKick_clear');
            }
        }
        elseif (Chance_Percent(17)*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][2])) {
            // attacking team is caught offside
            $offsides[$teamname_att]++;
            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'offside');
        }
        else {
            // attack isn't interrupted
            // attack passes the 2nd third of the opponent's field side - good chance
            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'advance_further');
            if (Chance_Percent(25*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_def][5]))) {
                // the defending team fouls the attacking team
                $fouls[$teamname_def]++;
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'foul');
                if (Chance_Percent(43)) {
                    // yellow card for the defending team
                    $yellowCards[$teamname_def]++;
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'yellow');
                }
                elseif (Chance_Percent(3)) {
                    // red card for the defending team
                    $redCards[$teamname_def]++;
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'red');
                }
                if (Chance_Percent(19)) {
                    // penalty for the attacking team
                    $shots[$teamname_att]++;
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'penalty');
                    if (Chance_Percent(77)) {
                        // attacking team scores
                        $goals[$teamname_att]++;
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'shot_score');
                    }
                    elseif (Chance_Percent(50)) {
                        // shot misses the goal
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'penalty_miss');
                    }
                    else {
                        // defending goalkeeper saves
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'penalty_save');
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // direct free kick
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'dFreeKick');
                    if (Chance_Percent(33*strengths_weight($strength_att['forwards']))) {
                        // shot at the goal
                        $shots[$teamname_att]++;
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'dFreeKick_shot');
                        if (Chance_Percent(33/strengths_weight($strength_def['goalkeeper']))) {
                            // attacking team scores
                            $goals[$teamname_att]++;
                            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'shot_score');
                        }
                        else {
                            // defending goalkeeper saves
                            $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'dFreeKick_shot_save');
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        // defending team cleares the ball
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'dFreeKick_clear');
                    }
                }
            }
            elseif (Chance_Percent(62*strengths_weight($strength_att['forwards'])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][2])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][3]))) {
                // shot at the goal
                $shots[$teamname_att]++;
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'shot');
                if (Chance_Percent(30/strengths_weight($strength_def['goalkeeper']))) {
                    // the attacking team scores
                    $goals[$teamname_att]++;
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_att, 'shot_score');
                }
                else {
                    if (Chance_Percent(50)) {
                        // the defending defenders block the shot
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'shot_block');
                    }
                    else {
                        // the defending goalkeeper saves
                        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'shot_save');
                    }
                }
            }
            else {
                // attack is stopped
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'stopped');
                if (Chance_Percent(15*$defense_strength*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][1])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][3])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_def][4]))) {
                    // quick counter attack - playing on the break
                    $strength_att['defenders'] = $strength_att['defenders']*0.8; // weaken the current attacking team's defense
                    $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'quickCounterAttack');
                    $matchReport .= ' ['.$goals[$_POST['team1']].':'.$goals[$_POST['team2']].']</p>'; // close comment line
                    return simulate_attack($teamname_def, $teamname_att, $strength_def, $strength_att); // new attack - this one is finished
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // attacking team doesn't pass 1st third of opponent's field side
    elseif (Chance_Percent(15*$defense_strength*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][1])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_att][3])*tactics_weight($tactics[$teamname_def][4]))) {
        // attack is stopped
        // quick counter attack - playing on the break
        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'stopped');
        $strength_att['defenders'] = $strength_att['defenders']*0.8; // weaken the current attacking team's defense
        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'quickCounterAttack');
        $matchReport .= ' ['.$goals[$_POST['team1']].':'.$goals[$_POST['team2']].']</p>'; // close comment line
        return simulate_attack($teamname_def, $teamname_att, $strength_def, $strength_att); // new attack - this one is finished
    }
    else {
        // ball goes into touch - out of the field
        $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'throwIn');
        if (Chance_Percent(33)) {
            // if a new chance is created
            if (Chance_Percent(50)) {
                // throw-in for the attacking team
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'throwIn_att');
                $matchReport .= ' ['.$goals[$_POST['team1']].':'.$goals[$_POST['team2']].']</p>'; // close comment line
                return simulate_attack($teamname_att, $teamname_def, $strength_att, $strength_def); // new attack - this one is finished
            }
            else {
                // throw-in for the defending team
                $matchReport .= ' '.comment_action($teamname_def, 'throwIn_def');
                $matchReport .= ' ['.$goals[$_POST['team1']].':'.$goals[$_POST['team2']].']</p>'; // close comment line
                return simulate_attack($teamname_def, $teamname_att, $strength_def, $strength_att); // new attack - this one is finished
            }
        }
    }
    $matchReport .= ' ['.$goals[$_POST['team1']].':'.$goals[$_POST['team2']].']</p>'; // close comment line
    return TRUE; // finish the attack
}

更新（2014）：几年后，我现在已将游戏的完整代码库发布为 GitHub 上的开源。您将在此文件中找到此模拟的具体实现< /a>，如果有人感兴趣的话。

Answer 1

总的来说，这看起来是一个相当复杂的问题，我不确定你能得到多少效率。

也就是说，我看到了一些对你肯定有帮助的东西。

首先，我将在参数中键入变量。这不一定会使您的代码更快，但它会使代码更易于阅读和调试。接下来，我将删除 $teamname_att、$teamname_def 参数，并将它们简单地作为关联 $strength_att、$strength_def 数组中的值。由于无论如何这些数据总是配对的，这将降低意外使用一个团队的名称作为对另一个团队的引用的风险。

这将使您不必不断查找数组中的值：

// replace all $tactics[$teamname_att] with $attackers
$attackers = $tactics[$teamname_att]; 
$defenders = $tactics[$teamname_def];
// Now do the same with arrays like $_POST[ "team1" ];

您有三个辅助函数，它们都具有以下模式：

function foo( $arg ){
    $bar = $arg * $value;
    return $bar;
}

因为这意味着您每次运行时都必须创建一个额外的变量（可能会很昂贵）函数，请改用这些：

function tactics_weight($wert) {
    return $wert*0.1+0.8;
}

function strengths_weight($wert) {
    return log10($wert+1)+0.35;
}

/*
 Perhaps I missed it, but I never saw Chance_Percent( $num1, $num2 )
 consider using this function instead: (one line instead of four, it also
 functions more intuitively, Chance_Percent is your chance out of 100 
 (or per cent)

 function Chance_Percent( $chance ) {
     return (mt_rand(1, 100) <= $chance);
 }    

*/
function Chance_Percent($chance, $universe = 100) {
    $chance = abs(intval($chance)); // Will you always have a number as $chance?
                                    // consider using only abs( $chance ) here.
    $universe = abs(intval($universe));
    return (mt_rand(1, $universe) <= $chance);
}

我忍不住注意到这种模式始终出现：

$matchReport .= ' ' . comment_action($teamname_att, 'attack');

我的一般经验是，如果将 $matchReport 的串联移动到 comment_action 中，那么它会稍微更快（通常不到十几毫秒，但由于您在递归函数内调用该函数六次，因此每次运行可以节省十分之几秒）。

我认为这会更好（无论是从读者的角度来看，还是从

最后的角度来看），有几次您将使用相同的参数对相同的函数进行相同的调用。预先进行该调用：

$goalieStrength = strengths_weight($strength_def['goalkeeper']);

希望这会有所帮助。

Answer 2

我（快速）通读了它，注意到了几件事：

• 在所有三分之一的场地中发出红/黄牌的百分比是相同的，这是故意的吗？我不是足球爱好者，但我想说进攻更有可能发生在球场的最后三分之一，而不是前三分之一。 （因为如果你在第一，你很可能会防守）

• 每个球队确定罚进点球的百分比是相同的，但是某些球队，或者更确切地说，球员，更有可能罚进点球

• 您没有考虑角球、犯规后可能受伤或使用头部进球（报告中可能值得一提）。

除此之外，您只需要多次运行此模拟，看看您选择的值是否正确；调整算法。最好的办法是手动调整它（例如，从文件中读取所有常量，并使用不同的值和不同的团队运行数百次模拟），最简单的办法可能是实现遗传算法来尝试并找到更好的价值观。

基本上，您这里拥有的是真正的游戏/人工智能代码，因此您可能需要阅读游戏工作室用于管理此类代码的技术。 （一件事是将变量放入谷歌电子表格中，然后您可以更轻松地共享/调整，例如）。

此外，即使您错过了真正的足球比赛所具有的一些东西，也没有必要尝试尽可能真实，因为通常在这些情况下，提供良好的游戏玩法比提供准确的模拟更重要。

Answer 3

你似乎失踪了：-

#include oscar.h;
void function dive (int ball_location, int[] opposition, int[] opposition_loc) {
    if (this.location != PenaltyBox || ball_location != PenatlyBox)
       return;
    } else {
       for (x = 0; x < 11; x++) {
           if ( opposition_loc[x] = PenaltyBox ) {
               scream(loudly);
               falldown();
               roll_around();
               cry();
               roll_around();
               scream(patheticaly);
               plead_with_ref();
               return;
            }
     }
     return;
}

Answer 4

这些值多久检查一次？如果它会被很多人使用并且不断地递归这些 if/else 语句，我可以看到你会消耗大量内存并且运行速度相当慢。

也许你可以用几个开关来替换一些 if ？

这就是我所看到的速度改进。至于算法本身，如果没有其他人这样做，我将不得不稍后再仔细研究。