C 的 rand() 使用哪些常见算法?
据我了解,C 规范没有给出关于 rand() 的具体实现的任何规范。 不同主要平台上常用的算法有哪些? 它们有何不同?
I understand that the C specification does not give any specification about the specific implementation of rand()
. What different algorithms are commonly used on different major platforms? How do they differ?
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PRNG(伪随机数生成器)的领域相当广阔。
首先,您必须了解,如果没有外部输入(通常是物理输入),您就无法获得真正的随机数来源。这就是为什么这些算法被称为伪随机:它们通常使用种子来初始化一个很长的序列中的位置,看起来是随机的,但它根本不是随机的。
最简单的算法之一是线性同余生成器 (LCG ),它有一些约束来保证长序列,而且根本不安全。
另一个有趣的(至少就名字而言)是 Blum Blum Shub Generator (BBS< /a>)这对于正常的 PRNG 来说是不寻常的,因为它依赖于模算术中的求幂,在破坏序列方面提供了与 RSA 和 El Gamal 等其他算法相当的安全性(即使我不确定它的证明)
The field of PRNGs (Pseudo Random Number Generators) is quite vast.
First of all you have to understand that without having an external input (usually physical) you can't get a real source of random numbers.. That's why these algorithms are called pseudo random: they usually use a seed to initialize a position in a very long sequence that seems random but it's not random at all.
One of the simplest algorithms is the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), that has some costraints to guarantee a long sequence and it's not secure at all.
Another funny one (at least for the name) is the Blum Blum Shub Generator (BBS) that is unusual for normal PRNGs because it relies on exponentiation in modulo arithmetic giving a security comparable to other algorithms like RSA and El Gamal in breaking the sequence (also if I'm not sure about the proof of it)
请参阅这篇文章:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators
这是来源glibc的
rand()
代码:来源:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/rand_r.c;hb=HEAD
如您所见,它只是乘以加法和移位。 这些值经过精心选择,以确保您不会获得 RAND_MAX 迭代的重复输出。
请注意,这是一个旧的实现,已被更复杂的算法所取代: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/random_r.c;hb=HEAD
如果链接如果损坏,请 Google 搜索“glibc rand_r”
See this article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number_generators
This is the source code of glibc's
rand()
:Source: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/rand_r.c;hb=HEAD
As you can see, it's simply multiply with an addition and a shift. The values are carefully chosen to make sure that you get no repeat of the output for RAND_MAX iterations.
Note that this is an old implementation which has been replaced by a more complex algorithm: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=stdlib/random_r.c;hb=HEAD
If the link if broken, Google for "glibc rand_r"
我曾经为离散数学课程写过一篇关于 CRNG 的报告。 为此,我在 msvcrt.dll 中反汇编了 rand():
所以它是一个类似于(未经测试)的 LCG...
I once wrote a report on CRNGs for a course in Discrete Mathematics. For it, I disassembled rand() in msvcrt.dll:
So it's a LCG something like (untested)...