找出 KenKen 谜题“乘法”中所有可能的因素 领域
KenKen 谜题是一个拉丁方格,分为边连接的域:单个单元格、同一行或同一列中的两个相邻单元格、排成一行或一个单元的三个单元格等。每个域都有一个标签,给出一个目标数字和单个算术运算(+-*/),该算术运算将应用于域单元中的数字以产生目标数字。 (如果域只有一个单元格,则没有给出运算符,只是一个目标 --- 平方已为您解出。如果运算符是 - 或 /,则域中只有两个单元格。)难题是(重新)构建与域的边界和标签一致的拉丁方。 (我认为我只见过一次具有非唯一解决方案的谜题。)
单元格中的数字范围可以从 1 到谜题的宽度(高度); 通常,拼图的一侧有 4 或 6 个单元格,但也可以考虑任何大小的拼图。 已发布的谜题(4x4 或 6x6)中的域通常不超过 5 个单元格,但是,这似乎并不是硬性限制。 (但是,如果谜题只有一个域,那么该维度的拉丁方就有多少个解……)
编写 KenKen 求解器的第一步是拥有可以生成可能的数字组合的例程在任何域中,首先忽略域的几何形状。 (线性域,如一行三个单元格,在已解决的谜题中不能有重复的数字,但我们暂时忽略这一点。)我已经能够编写一个 Python 函数来逐个处理添加标签:给它拼图的宽度、域中的单元格数量以及目标总和,并且它返回与目标相加的有效数字的元组列表。
乘法的情况让我困惑。 我可以获得一本字典,其键等于给定大小的拼图中给定大小的域中可达到的乘积,其值是包含给出乘积的因素的元组列表,但我无法解决问题例行公事,甚至不是坏例行公事。
将给定的乘积分解为素数似乎很容易,但是将素数列表划分为所需数量的因子却让我感到困惑。 (我沉思过 Knuth 的 TAOCP 第 4 卷第 3 卷,但我还没有学会如何“理解”他的算法描述,所以我不知道他的集合划分算法是否是一个起点。理解 Knuth 的描述可能是另一个问题!)
我很高兴预先计算公共域和谜题大小的“乘法”字典,并将加载时间记入开销,但这种方法似乎不是处理 100 个单元格谜题的有效方法一侧有 2 到 50 个单元格。
A KenKen puzzle is a Latin square divided into edge-connected domains: a single cell, two adjacent cells within the same row or column, three cells arranged in a row or in an ell, etc. Each domain has a label which gives a target number and a single arithmetic operation (+-*/) which is to be applied to the numbers in the cells of the domain to yield the target number. (If the domain has just one cell, there is no operator given, just a target --- the square is solved for you. If the operator is - or /, then there are just two cells in the domain.) The aim of the puzzle is to (re)construct the Latin square consistent with the domains' boundaries and labels. (I think that I have seen a puzzle with a non-unique solution just once.)
The number in a cell can range from 1 to the width (height) of the puzzle; commonly, puzzles are 4 or 6 cells on a side, but consider puzzles of any size. Domains in published puzzles (4x4 or 6x6) typically have no more than 5 cells, but, again, this does not seem to be a hard limit. (However, if the puzzle had just one domain, there would be as many solutions as there are Latin squares of that dimension...)
A first step to writing a KenKen solver would be to have routines that can produce the possible combinations of numbers in any domain, at first neglecting the domain's geometry. (A linear domain, like a line of three cells, cannot have duplicate numbers in the solved puzzle, but we ignore this for the moment.) I've been able to write a Python function which handles addition labels case by case: give it the width of the puzzle, the number of cells in the domain, and the target sum, and it returns a list of tuples of valid numbers adding up to the target.
The multiplication case eludes me. I can get a dictionary with keys equal to the products attainable in a domain of a given size in a puzzle of a given size, with the values being lists of tuples containing the factors giving the product, but I can't work out a case-by-case routine, not even a bad one.
Factoring a given product into primes seems easy, but then partitioning the list of primes into the desired number of factors stumps me. (I have meditated on Fascicle 3 of Volume 4 of Knuth's TAOCP, but I have not learned how to 'grok' his algorithm descriptions, so I do not know whether his algorithms for set partitioning would be a starting point. Understanding Knuth's descriptions could be another question!)
I'm quite happy to precompute the 'multiply' dictionaries for common domain and puzzle sizes and just chalk the loading time up to overhead, but that approach would not seem an efficient way to deal with, say, puzzles 100 cells on a side and domains from 2 to 50 cells in size.
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简化的目标:需要枚举所有相乘形成某个乘积的整数组合,其中整数的数量是固定的。
为了解决这个问题,您所需要的只是对目标数进行素因式分解,然后使用组合方法从这些因子中形成所有可能的子产品。 (一旦您拥有所有可能的子产品,拼图的其他一些约束就很容易包含在内,例如没有任何条目可以大于 max_entry,并且您有固定数量的整数来使用,
n_boxes_in_domain
。)例如,如果
max_entry=6
、n_boxes_in_domain=3
和target_number=20
:20 个产量(2,2,5); 转到 (2, 2, 5) 和 (1, 4, 5)。这样做的技巧是形成所有可能的子产品,下面的代码就是这样做的。 它的工作原理是循环遍历形成所有可能的单对的因素,然后递归地执行此操作,以给出所有单对或多对的所有可能集合。 (效率低下,但即使是大数也有小的质因数分解):
我将让您生成质因数,但这似乎适用于
更困难的情况,例如
target_number=2106
Simplified goal: you need to enumerate all integer combinations that multiply together to form a certain product, where the number of integers is fixed.
To solve this, all you need is a prime factorization of your target number, and then use a combinatorial approach to form all possible sub-products from these factors. (There are also a few other constraints of the puzzle that are easy to include once you have all possible sub-products, like no entry can be great than
max_entry
, and you have a fixed number of integers to use,n_boxes_in_domain
.)For example, if
max_entry=6
,n_boxes_in_domain=3
, and thetarget_number=20
: 20 yields (2, 2, 5); which goes to (2, 2, 5) and (1, 4, 5).The trick to this is to form all possible sub-products, and the code below does this. It works by looping through the factors forming all possible single pairs, and then doing this recursively, to give all possible sets of all single or multiple pairings. (It's inefficiently, but even large numbers have a small prime factorization):
I'll leave it to you to generate the prime factors, but this seems to work for
and for a harder case where, say
target_number=2106