如何定义运算符< 在满足严格弱排序的 n 元组上

发布于 2024-07-23 05:53:47 字数 142 浏览 7 评论 0 原文

如何在 n 元组(例如 3 元组)上定义运算符<,使其满足严格弱排序概念? 我知道 boost 库具有正确定义的 operator< 元组类,但由于某些原因我无法使用它。

How to define operator< on n-tuple (for example on 3-tuple) so that it satisfy strict weak ordering concept ? I know that boost library has tuple class with correctly defined operator< but for some reasons I can't use it.

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就像说晚安 2024-07-30 05:53:47

严格弱排序

这是定义两个对象之间关系的数学术语。
它的定义是:

如果 f(x, y) 和 f(y, x) 都为假,则两个对象 x 和 y 是等价的。 请注意,对象始终(通过反自不变量)等于其自身。

就 C++ 而言,这意味着如果您有两个给定类型的对象,则与运算符 < 相比,您应该返回以下值。

X    a;
X    b;

Condition:                  Test:     Result
a is equivalent to b:       a < b     false
a is equivalent to b        b < a     false

a is less than b            a < b     true
a is less than b            b < a     false

b is less than a            a < b     false
b is less than a            b < a     true

如何定义等效/更少完全取决于对象的类型。

正式定义:
严格弱排序

计算机科学:
严格弱排序

它与运算符的关系:
比较器


作为旁注,我们可以手动实现严格的弱排序。 但我们可以简单地使用已为您实现的 std::tuple 来完成此操作。 您只需要创建一个元组而不复制对象。

struct S
{
     ThingA   a;
     ThingB   b;
};
bool operator<(S const& lhs, S const& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a, lhs.b) < std::tie(rhs.a, rhs.b);
}

注意:这假设 thingAthingB 本身已经实现了严格的弱排序。

我们也可以用同样的方式实现相等:

bool operator==(S const& lhs, S const& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a, lhs.b) == std::tie(rhs.a, rhs.b);
}

再次注意:这假设 thingAthingB 已经实现了相等。

strict weak ordering

This is a mathematical term to define a relationship between two objects.
Its definition is:

Two objects x and y are equivalent if both f(x, y) and f(y, x) are false. Note that an object is always (by the irreflexivity invariant) equivalent to itself.

In terms of C++ this means if you have two objects of a given type, you should return the following values when compared with the operator <.

X    a;
X    b;

Condition:                  Test:     Result
a is equivalent to b:       a < b     false
a is equivalent to b        b < a     false

a is less than b            a < b     true
a is less than b            b < a     false

b is less than a            a < b     false
b is less than a            b < a     true

How you define equivalent/less is totally dependent on the type of your object.

Formal Definition:
Strict Weak ordering

Computer Science:
Strict Weak Ordering

How it relates to operators:
Comparator


As a side note we can implement strict weak ordering manually. But we can do it simply using the std::tuple which has implemented it for you. You simply need to create a tuple without copying the objects.

struct S
{
     ThingA   a;
     ThingB   b;
};
bool operator<(S const& lhs, S const& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a, lhs.b) < std::tie(rhs.a, rhs.b);
}

Note: This assumes that thingA and thingB already implement strict weak ordering themselves.

We can also implement equality the same way:

bool operator==(S const& lhs, S const& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a, lhs.b) == std::tie(rhs.a, rhs.b);
}

Note again: This assumes that thingA and thingB already implement equality.

乞讨 2024-07-30 05:53:47
if (a1 < b1)
  return true;
if (b1 < a1)
  return false;

// a1==b1: continue with element 2
if (a2 < b2)
  return true;
if (b2 < a2)
  return false;

// a2 == b2: continue with element 3
if (a3 < b3)
  return true;
return false; // early out

这对元素进行排序,a1 是最重要的,a3 是最不重要的。

这可以无限地继续下去,您也可以例如将其应用于 T 的向量,迭代 a[i] < 的比较。 a[i+1] / a[i+1] < 人工智能]。 该算法的另一种表达方式是“相等时跳过,然后比较”:

while (i<count-1 && !(a[i] < a[i+1]) && !(a[i+1] < a[i])
  ++i;
return i < count-1 && a[i] < a[i+1];

当然,如果比较成本很高,您可能希望缓存比较结果。


[编辑]删除了错误的代码


[编辑]如果不仅仅是 operator< 可用,我倾向于使用该模式

if (a1 != b1)
  return a1 < b1;

if (a2 != b2)
  return a2 < b2;

...
if (a1 < b1)
  return true;
if (b1 < a1)
  return false;

// a1==b1: continue with element 2
if (a2 < b2)
  return true;
if (b2 < a2)
  return false;

// a2 == b2: continue with element 3
if (a3 < b3)
  return true;
return false; // early out

This orders the elements by a1 being most siginificant and a3 least significant.

This can be continued ad infinitum, you could also e.g. apply it to a vector of T, iterating over comparisons of a[i] < a[i+1] / a[i+1] < a[i]. An alternate expression of the algorithm would be "skip while equal, then compare":

while (i<count-1 && !(a[i] < a[i+1]) && !(a[i+1] < a[i])
  ++i;
return i < count-1 && a[i] < a[i+1];

Of course, if the comparison is expensive, you might want to cache the comparison result.


[edit] removed wrong code


[edit] if more than just operator< is available, I tend to use the pattern

if (a1 != b1)
  return a1 < b1;

if (a2 != b2)
  return a2 < b2;

...
黯然#的苍凉 2024-07-30 05:53:47

...一个非常老的问题的新答案,但现有答案错过了 C++11 的简单解决方案...

C++11 解决方案

C++11 及以后提供 std::tuple,您可以使用它来存储您的数据。 元组有一个匹配的运算符< 首先比较最左边的元素,然后沿着元组工作,直到结果明确。 这适合提供严格的弱排序,例如std::setstd::map

如果您在其他变量中有数据(例如struct中的字段),您甚至可以使用std::tie() 创建一个引用元组,然后可以将其与另一个此类元组进行比较。 这样可以轻松地为用户定义的 class/struct 类型中的特定成员数据字段编写 operator<

struct My_Struct
{
    int a_;
    double b_;
    std::string c_;
};

bool operator<(const My_Struct& lhs, const My_Struct& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a_, lhs.b_, lhs.c_) < std::tie(rhs.a_, rhs.b_, rhs.c_);
}

...a new answer to a very old question, but the existing answer miss the easy solution from C++11...

C++11 solution

C++11 onwards provides std::tuple<T...>, which you can use to store your data. tuples have a matching operator< that initially compares the left-most element, then works along the tuple until the outcome's clear. That's suitable for providing the strict weak ordering expected by e.g. std::set and std::map.

If you have data in some other variables (e.g. fields in a struct), you can even use std::tie() to creates a tuple of references, which can then be compared to another such tuple. That makes it easy to write operator< for specific member-data fields in a user-defined class/struct type:

struct My_Struct
{
    int a_;
    double b_;
    std::string c_;
};

bool operator<(const My_Struct& lhs, const My_Struct& rhs)
{
    return std::tie(lhs.a_, lhs.b_, lhs.c_) < std::tie(rhs.a_, rhs.b_, rhs.c_);
}
孤独患者 2024-07-30 05:53:47

您可以简单地使用三元素向量,它已经适当地具有运算符<()
定义的。 这样做的优点是它可以扩展到 N 元素,而您无需执行任何操作。

You could simply use three-element vectors, which will already have operator<() suitably
defined. This has the advantage that it extends to N-elements without you having to do anything.

夜还是长夜 2024-07-30 05:53:47

基本流程应遵循以下原则:如果第 K 个元素不同,则返回较小的元素,否则转到下一个元素。 下面的代码假设您没有有一个boost元组,否则您将使用get(tuple)并且一开始就不会出现问题。

if (lhs.first != rhs.first)
    return lhs.first < rhs.first;                
if (lhs.second != rhs.second)
    return lhs.second< rhs.second;
return lhs.third < rhs.third;

The basic flow should be along the lines of: if the Kth elements are different, return which is smaller else go to next element. The code following assumes you don't have a boost tuple otherwise you would use get<N>(tuple) and not have the problem to begin with.

if (lhs.first != rhs.first)
    return lhs.first < rhs.first;                
if (lhs.second != rhs.second)
    return lhs.second< rhs.second;
return lhs.third < rhs.third;
以可爱出名 2024-07-30 05:53:47

即使您不能使用 boost 版本,您也应该能够修改代码。 我从 std::pair 中删掉了这个 - 我猜 3 元组将是相似的。

return (_Left.first < _Right.first ||
        !(_Right.first < _Left.first) && _Left.second < _Right.second);

编辑:正如一些人指出的那样,如果您从标准库中窃取代码以在代码中使用,则应该重命名前面带有下划线的内容,因为这些名称是保留的。

Even if you can't use the boost version, you should be able to nick the code. I nicked this from std::pair - a 3 tuple will be similar I guess.

return (_Left.first < _Right.first ||
        !(_Right.first < _Left.first) && _Left.second < _Right.second);

Edit: As a couple of people have pointed out, if you steal code from the standard library to use in your code, you should rename things that have underscores on the front as these names are reserved.

乄_柒ぐ汐 2024-07-30 05:53:47

请注意,有趣的是,始终返回 false 的运算符 满足 严格弱排序

Note that interestingly, an operator < that always returns false meets the requirements of strict weak ordering.

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