在 C++ 中创建 Maze 类 使用16位无符号整型数组?

发布于 2024-07-13 20:02:02 字数 1364 浏览 5 评论 0原文

我正在尝试用 C++ 创建一个数据结构来表示迷宫。

我需要保存的有关迷宫的所有数据都可以使用按位运算存储在 16 位整数中(以表示迷宫的每个单元格):
替代文本
(来源:mazeworks.com
16 位无符号整数

因此,我计算了一个 16 位整数的二维数组,并且我很高兴采用我的 Maze 数据结构。 我想缩小数据结构的大小,这样我就可以轻松创建非常密集的迷宫< /a>.

因此,我需要能够在运行时动态创建一个 n*m 大小的 16 位整数的二维数组。 在某处,我读到 C++ 中的 2d 数组只是 [n*m] 大小的 1d 数组的语法糖,您可以通过 [row + col * width] 访问元素。

这是我的工作尝试:有

class Maze {
    public:

        Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight)
        {
            mazeGrid = new unsigned int16_t[width*height];
            width = mazeWidth;
            height = mazeHeight;
        }

        unsigned int16_t getArrayValue(int row, int col)
        {
            return mazeGrid[row + col*width];
        }

        void setArrayValue(int row, int col, unsigned int16_t value)
        {
            mazeGrid[row + col*width] = value;
        }

    private:
        int width, height;
        unsigned int16_t *mazeGrid;

}

一些具有 C++ 知识的人对我的 Maze 类有一些建议吗? 我对 C++ 非常陌生,所以这对我来说都是一次学习经历。

I'm attempting to make a data structure to represent a Maze in C++.

All the data I need to hold about the maze can be stored in 16 bit integers using bitwise operations (to represent each cell of the maze):
alt text
(source: mazeworks.com)
16 bit unsigned integer

So, I figured a 2d array of 16bit integers and I'm good to go for my Maze data structure. I wanted to keep the size of the data structure down so I can easily create very dense mazes.

So, I need to be able to create a 2-d array of 16bit integers of n*m size, dynamically at run time. Somewhere on SO I read that 2d arrays in C++ are simply syntatic sugar for 1d arrays of [n*m] size and you can access elements via [row + col * width].

Here is my working attempt at this:

class Maze {
    public:

        Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight)
        {
            mazeGrid = new unsigned int16_t[width*height];
            width = mazeWidth;
            height = mazeHeight;
        }

        unsigned int16_t getArrayValue(int row, int col)
        {
            return mazeGrid[row + col*width];
        }

        void setArrayValue(int row, int col, unsigned int16_t value)
        {
            mazeGrid[row + col*width] = value;
        }

    private:
        int width, height;
        unsigned int16_t *mazeGrid;

}

Does anyone with some C++ knowledge have some suggestions for my Maze class? I'm very new to C++ so this is all a learning experience for me.

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评论(9

荒芜了季节 2024-07-20 20:02:03

前面的答案中没有提到的一件事是,当您的类包含指向已分配内存的指针时,您应该提供复制构造函数和赋值运算符,或者干脆禁止它们以避免使用 C++ 提供的默认实现。

One thing not mentioned in the previous answers is that when your class contain a pointer to allocated memory you should either provide copy constructor and assignment operator or simply forbid them to avoid use of the default implementations for these that C++ is providing.

莳間冲淡了誓言ζ 2024-07-20 20:02:03

不解决您的主要空间问题,但这是一个简单的版本,不涉及显式动态内存管理:

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Maze {
    public:

        Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight) {
           for ( int i = 0; i < mazeHeight; i++ ) {
              mMaze.push_back( vector <int>( mazeWidth ) );
           }
        }

        int At(int row, int col) const {
           return mMaze.at(row).at(col); 
        }

        int & At(int row, int col) {
           return mMaze.at(row).at(col); 
        }

    private:

        vector < vector <int> > mMaze;
};


int main() {
    Maze m( 5, 5 );
    m.At( 2, 2 ) = 42;
    cout << m.At( 2, 2 ) << "\n";
}

Not addressing your main space issues, but here's a simple version that doesn't involve you with explicit dynamic memory management:

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Maze {
    public:

        Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight) {
           for ( int i = 0; i < mazeHeight; i++ ) {
              mMaze.push_back( vector <int>( mazeWidth ) );
           }
        }

        int At(int row, int col) const {
           return mMaze.at(row).at(col); 
        }

        int & At(int row, int col) {
           return mMaze.at(row).at(col); 
        }

    private:

        vector < vector <int> > mMaze;
};


int main() {
    Maze m( 5, 5 );
    m.At( 2, 2 ) = 42;
    cout << m.At( 2, 2 ) << "\n";
}
迷离° 2024-07-20 20:02:02

这将是一个很长的答案,因此它将涉及一些编程/C++ 概念:封装、RAII、初始化列表、析构函数、const-ness、定义运算符、模板类、模板函数和位字段 通过解决给定的问题。

首先,我总是从用户的角度开始设计。 为了设计迷宫的数据结构,用户将是想要使用该数据结构的程序员(可能是您)。 从这个角度来看,结构是内存优化的事实是一个实现细节,与使用无关。

有了你的知识基础,我将从更改接口开始,这样用户就不需要通过定义一个封装位操作的类来关心内部结构,与此类似(我稍后将介绍it):

class cell {
public: 
  void setBacktrace( unsigned int value ); // value must be between 0-15
  unsigned int getBacktrace() const;
  // same for all other fields
private:
  uint16_t data;
};

现在用户不需要关心底层细节。 调用者代码可以简单地编写:

cell c;
c.setBacktrace( 5 ); // set the backtrace value to 5
std::cout << c.getBacktrace() << std::endl;

现在迷宫是围绕单元对象的容器。 正如其他人指出的,您可以使用 std::vector 来简化操作,或者您可以定义自己的容器。 既然我认为您正在学习,我们将遵循一条漫长的道路:

class maze {
public:
   maze( size_t width, size_t height );
   ~maze();
   cell getCell( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   void setCell( size_t row, size_t col, cell c );
private:
   size_t width_;
   size_t height_;
   cell * data_;
};

您的代码中界面的变化是:添加一个析构函数。 它将按照 RAII 负责释放构造函数请求的资源。 /strong> 习语。 单元格元素的访问器被标记为 const,因为它只会返回一个值而不更改结构。 这是您应该从一开始就开始使用的另一个概念:将所有非变异方法标记为 const

现在开始实施:

// Constructor and destructor
maze::maze( size_t width, size_t height ) 
   : width_( width ), height_( height ), data_( new cell[width*height] )
{
}
maze::~maze()
{
   delete [] data_;
}

构造函数是使用初始化列表定义的。 在初始化列表中,调用字段 width_、height_ 和 data_ 的字段构造函数,传递宽度、高度和新句子的返回指针作为参数。

使用初始化列表而不是在构造函数块 ({}) 中添加等效代码有两个原因。 初始化列表比括号内的等效代码更有效(不是那么重要),但主要允许您调用特定的构造函数或初始化引用,这两者都不能在构造函数块内完成。

我添加了一个析构函数来释放您获取的数据。 如果您没有向类中添加析构函数,编译器将提供一个默认析构函数,该析构函数将调用类中所有属性的析构函数。 在您的情况下,默认析构函数不会释放构造期间获取的内存

其他方法我就不详细说了。 到目前为止,我们从用户的角度来看:

int main() {
  maze m( 10, 50 ); // Consctruct the maze
  cell c;
  c.setBacktrace( 5 );
  m.setCell( 3, 4, c);  // Store c in the container
  assert( m.getCell( 3, 4 ).getBacktrace() == 5 );
}

我们可以通过稍微更改界面来使此代码更加用户友好。 如果我们提供一个接受两个索引并返回对单元格元素的引用的operator(),那么用法会更简单(关于 array-of-array 接口的 C++ FAQ lite):

class maze {
    // most everything as before, changing set/get to:
public:
   cell const & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   cell & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ); 
};

那么用法会更简单:

int main()
{
   maze m( 10, 10 );
   m( 3, 4 ).setBacktrace( 5 );
   assert( m( 3, 4 ).getBacktrace() == 5 );
}

不需要构造一个cell 对象并对它应用更改,然后存储该对象,我们可以直接修改存储的对象。 现在是实现:

cell const & maze::operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const
{
   return *data_[ row + col*width_ ];
}
cell & maze::operator()( size_t row, size_t col )
{
   return *data_[ row + col*width_ ];
}

两种实现都很相似,唯一的区别是第一个实现告诉编译器它不会更改迷宫的内容,并返回一个常量引用以保证调用者不会更改单元格。

在研究迷宫类之后,您可以注意到,使它成为迷宫的唯一原因是存储的数据是一个单元格,但所有逻辑只是一个普通的二维数组。 我们可以利用它并将其重新定义为模板类,以便我们可以在不同情况下重用代码,并使用不同的存储类型定义:

template <typename T> // stored data
class array_2d
{
public:
   array_2d( size_t width, size_t height );
   ~array_2d();
   T const & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   T & operator()( size_t row, size_t col );
private:
   size_t width_;
   size_t height_;
   T* data_;
};

用法将是:

int main()
{
   array_2d<cell> maze( 10, 10 );
   maze( 3, 4 ).setBacktrace( 5 );
}

定义实现将有点不同,但没有那么复杂:

template <typename T>
array_2d<T>::array_2d( size_t width, size_t height )
   : width_( width ), height_( height ), data_( new T[ width*height ] )
{
}

在定义每个方法的实现时也类似。 没那么难,不是吗?

最后,我们可以回到单元的定义并使其使用起来更加自然。 我们拥有的是一组访问器方法,它们将执行按位运算以与四个内部字段(回溯、解决方案、边界、墙壁)中的每一个进行交互。 该单元只是一个 POD(普通旧数据)结构,它存储四个整数字段,类似于:

struct big_cell
{
   unsigned int backtrack;
   unsigned int solution;
   unsigned int borders;
   unsigned int walls;
};

可以用作:

int main()
{
   array_2d<big_cell> maze( 10, 10 );
   maze( 3, 4 ).backtrack = 5;
   assert( maze( 3, 4 ).backtrack == 5 );
}

但该结构将占用比我们需要的更多的空间。 存储实现细节迫使我们改变类的用法。 让我们尝试解决这个问题。 将无符号整数更改为无符号字符会将结构的大小减少到 32 位(而不是完全优化的结构的 16 位):

struct medium_cell
{
   unsigned char backtrack;
   unsigned char solution;
   unsigned char borders;
   unsigned char walls;
};

此解决方案每个单元仅浪费 2 个字节,这可能不会太多(空间需求加倍,但现在内存很便宜)。 此外,这在 32 位处理器中执行速度会更快。 某些 32 位架构需要更长的时间来检索和操作 16 位元素。

无论如何,如果您仍然对完全紧凑的内存模型感兴趣,您可以使用 C++ 中一个不太为人所知的功能:位字段。 它们允许您定义结构中的某些字段仅占用一些位:

struct small_cell {
   uint16_t backtrack : 4; // take 4 bits from the uint16_t
   uint16_t solution : 4;
   uint16_t borders : 4;
   uint16_t walls : 4;
};

用法将是:

int main() 
{
   small_cell c;
   c.solution = 5; 
   c.backtrack = 3;
}

现在该结构仅占用 16 位内存,并且可以像前两个结构一样使用。 由于迷宫现在只是一个模板化的二维数组,因此您可以非常轻松地测试这三个结构。 您可以为测试定义模板函数

#include <time.h>

// templated for comparissons with cell types
template <typename CellStruct>
void test()
{
   array_2d< CellStruct > maze;
   // Test operations...
}

void print_test( std::string const & test, clock_t ticks )
{
   std::cout << "Test: " << test << " took " << ticks 
      << " ticks, or " << ticks / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << " seconds." 
      << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
   clock_t init = clock();
   test< big_cell >();
   clock_t after_big = clock();
   test< medium_cell >();
   clock_t after_med = clock();
   test< small_cell >();
   clock_t end = clock();

   print_result( "big_cell", after_big - init );
   print_result( "medium_cell", after_med - after_big );
   print_result( "small_cell", end - after_med );
}

测试函数只是模板化的,以便可以使用不同的单元实现来执行。 一旦您知道哪种实现最适合您的问题域,您就可以编写将使用特定单元类型的特定代码。

This is going to be a long answer so that it will touch some programming/c++ concepts: encapsulation, RAII, initialization lists, destructors, const-ness, defining operators,template classes, template functions and bit-fields by working on the given problem.

First thing is that I always start designs from the user point of view. To design a data structure for a maze, the user will be the programmer (probably you) that wants to use the data structure. From that point of view, the fact that the structure is memory optimized is an implementation detail, less relevant than the usage.

With your knowledge base I would start by changing the interface so that the user does not need to care about the internal structure by defining a class that encapsulates the bit operations, similar to this (I will later work on it):

class cell {
public: 
  void setBacktrace( unsigned int value ); // value must be between 0-15
  unsigned int getBacktrace() const;
  // same for all other fields
private:
  uint16_t data;
};

Now the user does not need to care about the low level details. The caller code can simply write:

cell c;
c.setBacktrace( 5 ); // set the backtrace value to 5
std::cout << c.getBacktrace() << std::endl;

Now the maze is a container around cell objects. As pointed by others you can use a std::vector to simplify the operations or you can define your own container. Since I take it that you are learning, we will follow the long path:

class maze {
public:
   maze( size_t width, size_t height );
   ~maze();
   cell getCell( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   void setCell( size_t row, size_t col, cell c );
private:
   size_t width_;
   size_t height_;
   cell * data_;
};

The changes in the interface from your code are: adding a destructor. It will take care of releasing the resources that your constructor requests, following the RAII idiom. The accessor to a cell element is marked as const since it will just return a value without changing the structure. This is another concept that you should start using from the very beginning: mark all non-mutating methods as const.

Now to the implementation:

// Constructor and destructor
maze::maze( size_t width, size_t height ) 
   : width_( width ), height_( height ), data_( new cell[width*height] )
{
}
maze::~maze()
{
   delete [] data_;
}

The constructor is defined using a initialization list. In the initialization list the fields constructors for the fields width_, height_ and data_ are called passing a width, height and the returned pointer of the new sentence as arguments.

There are two reasons for using initialization lists instead of adding the equivalent code inside the constructor block ({}). Initialization lists are more efficient than the equivalent code inside the brackets (not so important) but mainly allow you to call specific constructors or initialize references, neither of which can be done inside the constructor block.

I have added a destructor to release the data you acquire. If you do not add a destructor to your class, the compiler will provide a default destructor that will call the destructor of all the attributes in your class. In your case, the default destructor will not release the memory acquired during construction.

I won't go into details for the other methods. Up to now what we have from the user point of view:

int main() {
  maze m( 10, 50 ); // Consctruct the maze
  cell c;
  c.setBacktrace( 5 );
  m.setCell( 3, 4, c);  // Store c in the container
  assert( m.getCell( 3, 4 ).getBacktrace() == 5 );
}

We can make this code more user friendly by changing a little the interface. If we provide an operator() that takes two indexes and returns a reference to a cell element the usage will be simpler (C++ FAQ lite on array-of-array interface):

class maze {
    // most everything as before, changing set/get to:
public:
   cell const & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   cell & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ); 
};

Then the usage would be simpler:

int main()
{
   maze m( 10, 10 );
   m( 3, 4 ).setBacktrace( 5 );
   assert( m( 3, 4 ).getBacktrace() == 5 );
}

There is no need to construct a cell object and applying changes to it and then storing the object, we can modify the stored object directly. Now the implementation:

cell const & maze::operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const
{
   return *data_[ row + col*width_ ];
}
cell & maze::operator()( size_t row, size_t col )
{
   return *data_[ row + col*width_ ];
}

Both of the implementations are similar with the only difference that the first one is telling the compiler that it will not change the contents of the maze and it returns a constant reference to guarantee that the caller does not change the cell.

After working on the maze class, you can notice that the only thing that makes it a maze is that the stored data is a cell, but all the logic is just that of a plain 2D array. We can take advantage of it and redefine it a as a template class so that we can reuse the code in different situations, with different definitions of the stored type:

template <typename T> // stored data
class array_2d
{
public:
   array_2d( size_t width, size_t height );
   ~array_2d();
   T const & operator()( size_t row, size_t col ) const;
   T & operator()( size_t row, size_t col );
private:
   size_t width_;
   size_t height_;
   T* data_;
};

And the usage will be:

int main()
{
   array_2d<cell> maze( 10, 10 );
   maze( 3, 4 ).setBacktrace( 5 );
}

Defining the implementation will be a little different but not that much more complex:

template <typename T>
array_2d<T>::array_2d( size_t width, size_t height )
   : width_( width ), height_( height ), data_( new T[ width*height ] )
{
}

And similarly when defining the implementation of each method. Not that hard, is it?

Finally, we can go back to the definition of cell and make it more natural to work with. What we have are a set of accessor methods that will perform bitwise operations to interact with each of the four internal fields (backtrack, solution, borders, walls). The cell is just about a POD (plain old data) structure that stores four integer fields, similar to:

struct big_cell
{
   unsigned int backtrack;
   unsigned int solution;
   unsigned int borders;
   unsigned int walls;
};

That would be used as:

int main()
{
   array_2d<big_cell> maze( 10, 10 );
   maze( 3, 4 ).backtrack = 5;
   assert( maze( 3, 4 ).backtrack == 5 );
}

But that structure will take more space than what we require. The storage implementation detail has forced us to change the usage of the class. Lets try to work on that. Changing the unsigned integers to unsigned chars will reduce the size of the structure to 32 bits (instead of the 16 that the fully optimized structure):

struct medium_cell
{
   unsigned char backtrack;
   unsigned char solution;
   unsigned char borders;
   unsigned char walls;
};

This solution only wastes 2 bytes per cell, which will probably not too much (double the space requirements, but memory is cheap nowadays). Also this can be faster in execution in 32 bit processors. Some 32 bit architectures take longer to retrieve and operate on 16 bit elements.

At any rate, if you are still interested in the fully compact memory model, you can use a not well known feature in C++: bit fields. They allow you to define that some field in your structure just takes a number of bits:

struct small_cell {
   uint16_t backtrack : 4; // take 4 bits from the uint16_t
   uint16_t solution : 4;
   uint16_t borders : 4;
   uint16_t walls : 4;
};

And ussage will be:

int main() 
{
   small_cell c;
   c.solution = 5; 
   c.backtrack = 3;
}

Now this structure takes just 16 bits of memory and can be used just as the previous two structures. As the maze is now just a templated 2d array, you can test the three structures quite easily. You can define a template function for the test.

#include <time.h>

// templated for comparissons with cell types
template <typename CellStruct>
void test()
{
   array_2d< CellStruct > maze;
   // Test operations...
}

void print_test( std::string const & test, clock_t ticks )
{
   std::cout << "Test: " << test << " took " << ticks 
      << " ticks, or " << ticks / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << " seconds." 
      << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
   clock_t init = clock();
   test< big_cell >();
   clock_t after_big = clock();
   test< medium_cell >();
   clock_t after_med = clock();
   test< small_cell >();
   clock_t end = clock();

   print_result( "big_cell", after_big - init );
   print_result( "medium_cell", after_med - after_big );
   print_result( "small_cell", end - after_med );
}

The test function is templated only so that it can be executed with different cell implementations. Once you know what implementation best suits your problem domain, you can make specific code that will use the specific cell type.

白馒头 2024-07-20 20:02:02

构造函数有一个问题 - 您在分配“宽度”和“高度”之前使用了它们。 您还需要一个析构函数来释放内存:

~Maze()
{
    delete [] mazeGrid;
}

除此之外,它看起来还不错。

There's a problem with the constructor - you use "width" and "height" before they are assigned. You also need a destructor to free the memory:

~Maze()
{
    delete [] mazeGrid;
}

Other than that, it looks ok.

站稳脚跟 2024-07-20 20:02:02

在 C++ 中,构造就是初始化。 这样您就可以重写 c'tor:

    Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight) 
       :width(mazeWidth), height(mazeHeight), mazeGrid(new uint16_t[width*height])
    {
    }

请注意,数据成员按照它们在类中定义的顺序进行初始化,而不是按照您初始化它们的顺序进行初始化。
另请注意,unsinged int16_t 已转换为 uint16_t。 如果你要使用这些人,最好一路走下去。
数据成员通常称为 m_width 和 m_height,而不仅仅是 width 和 height。

我将定义一个返回 uint16_t* 的 operator[] ,而不是 set 和 get 方法,这样您就可以获得模仿原始类型的更自然的语法:

   ....
   uint16_t* operator[](int col) { return &(mazeGrid[col*width]); }
   ....

   uint16_t d = mymaze[col][row];

我将让你就会明白为什么它能正确工作。

In C++ Construction is initializations. so you can rewrite the c'tor:

    Maze(int mazeWidth, int mazeHeight) 
       :width(mazeWidth), height(mazeHeight), mazeGrid(new uint16_t[width*height])
    {
    }

Notice that the data members are initialized in the order they are defined in the class, not the order you initialize them.
Also notice unsinged int16_t turned to uint16_t. if you're going to use these guys, better go all the way.
It is customary for data members to be called m_width and m_height and not just width and height.

Instead of the set and get methods I would define an operator[] which returns uint16_t* this way you get a more natural syntax which mimics a primitive type:

   ....
   uint16_t* operator[](int col) { return &(mazeGrid[col*width]); }
   ....

   uint16_t d = mymaze[col][row];

I'll let you figure out why this works correctly.

穿越时光隧道 2024-07-20 20:02:02

尝试使用 std::vector

try with std::vector

飞烟轻若梦 2024-07-20 20:02:02

您可以使用 std::bitset

You can use the std::bitset

╭⌒浅淡时光〆 2024-07-20 20:02:02

好吧,setArrayValue 还没有做任何事情(尽管你现在可能已经注意到了)。 此外,您没有删除功能,因此 mazeGrid 永远不会被释放。 否则对我来说看起来还不错。

Well setArrayValue doesn't do anything yet (though you've probably noticed that by now). Also you don't have a delete function so mazeGrid will never be deallocated. Otherwise it looks alright to me.

标点 2024-07-20 20:02:02

编写一个小宏来转换二维坐标以提高可读性。 就像是。 this:

#define TWO_DIM(x,y,w) (x+y*w)

使用 STL 容器:

// Define and get memory
std::vector <int16_t> mazedata;
mazedata.resize(newsize);
// Assign values
mazedata[TWO_DIM(row,col,width)]=newvalue;

请记住,STL 实现了内存高效的 std::vector,它可以像普通数组一样使用,但每比特数据占用 1 位。 对于大型数组,您不会注意到 STL 的开销。

Write a small macro to convert 2d coordinates to improve readability. Something like. this:

#define TWO_DIM(x,y,w) (x+y*w)

Use STL containers:

// Define and get memory
std::vector <int16_t> mazedata;
mazedata.resize(newsize);
// Assign values
mazedata[TWO_DIM(row,col,width)]=newvalue;

Remember that STL implements memory efficient std::vector<bool> which can be used like normal array yet take 1 bit per bit of data. In case of large arrays you will not notice the overhead of STL.

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