如何获取大量 shapefile 并将它们在 GIS 中排列？
我正在尝试获取我创建的县内细分的形状文件，并将其与县评估区（地块数据）提供给我的另一个形状文件对齐。 当我尝试让它们对齐时，我的街道形状文件并未与其他所有内容对齐。 它们都在同一坐标系上，我不想为细分重新创建形状文件。 有什么想法吗？
I am trying to take a shapefile of subdivisions within a county that I have created and line it up with another shapefile that was given to me by the County Appraisal District (parcel data). When I try to get them to line up then my streets shapefiles is not aligned with everything else. They are all on the same coordinate system and I do not want to have to recreate the shapefile for the subdivisions. Any thoughts?
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同意你的问题是投影。 是否有与您的文件关联的 .prj 文件扩展名？ 如果不是关键的话，首先就是找出你有什么项目。 如果您正在处理来自地方政府的以美国为中心的本地数据，我会猜测是某种国家飞机。
Agree that your problem is projection. Is there a .prj file extension associated with either of your files? If not key first is finding out what projects you have. I would guess State Plane of some sort if you are dealing with U.S. centric local data from a local government.
地籍工具（测量工具）通常允许您指定一些控制点，然后“扭曲”数据以适合您的控制点。 这可以是任何事情，从简单的转变到更复杂的事情。 如果所有内容都移动了几英尺，您也可以使用“编辑器”选择所有形状文件，然后将它们移动所需的英尺数。
如果您已验证两个 shapefile 使用相同的坐标系，则投影不太可能成为问题。 地块数据与其他数据源（例如道路）“偏移”的情况相当常见。 这是由于收集方法和参考点不一致造成的。
另一个错误来源可能是其中一个 shapefile 指定了错误的坐标系。 例如，如果道路实际上是 WGS 1984，但其 prj 设置为 NAD1983，您将看到一些重大错误。 如果您必须手动设置 shapefile 的坐标系统（即它不包含 PRJ 而您创建了一个），则通常会发生这种情况。
Cadastral tools (surveyer tools) usually let you specify a handful of control points and will then "warp" the data to fit to your control points. This can be anything from a simple shift to something more complex. If everything is shifted by a few feet, you can also just use your "editor" to select all shapefiles and then move them however many feet necessary.
If you've verified that both shapefiles are using the same coordinate system, then projection is less likely to be the problem. It's fairly common for parcel data to be "offset" from other data sources (such as roads). This comes from inconsistent collection methods and points of reference.
Another source of error can be that one of the shapefiles has the wrong coordinate system specified. For example, if the roads were actually WGS 1984, but it's prj is set to NAD1983, you will see some significant errors. This usually happens if you had to manually set the coodinate system for a shapefile (i.e. it didn't include a PRJ and you created one).
这个问题的答案可能很简单，也可能非常复杂，具体取决于您的情况。 作为一名 GIS 开发人员，我最常将此视为坐标系定义不正确的症状。 但是，是否属于这种情况以及解决方案是什么在很大程度上取决于您的环境。 从这里开始，我假设您正在 ESRI 包中工作...
我同意其他发帖者的观点，即您的问题是不匹配的投影和/或基准定义之一。
ESRI 软件中的投影，需要理解的最重要的一点是：
在 ArcCatalog 中手动设置数据集（shapefile、地理数据库要素类等）的投影不会重新投影该数据集！！！
关于 要重新投影数据，您必须从您一直在其中工作且数据明显正确排列的 ArcMap 会话中导出数据。 在导出过程中，您可以选择使用基础地图的坐标系或原始数据集的坐标系保存数据。
最好的办法是按照以下步骤创建具有正确投影的新数据集，然后推断解决特定问题所需执行的操作：
在新的 ArcMap 会话中执行此操作没有其他数据。 请务必将 ArcMap 地图视图的坐标系显式设置为所需的坐标系（我推荐与您尝试叠加的数据相匹配的坐标系，或者来自另一成熟数据集的坐标系）。
添加具有已知良好坐标系的另一数据集。
在此 ArcMap 会话中创建新数据集。 为新数据指定与 ArcMap 地图视图和地图中的其他数据集相同的坐标系。 将新数据的 XY 域设置为超出其他数据集定义的区域，但不要超出会降低所需空间分辨率的大小。
创建您的数据。 此时它可以是任何数据。 一些直线，一些多边形等。保存您的工作。
导出您的新数据集。 出现提示时，选择使用基础地图视图的坐标系进行保存。
创建新的 ArcMap 会话并添加新数据集。 然后添加您的地块数据集。 它们现在应该在地图窗口中占据相同的空间。
随心所欲地编辑新数据。
如果这没有帮助，可能会出现一些问题：
您没有正确执行这些步骤 - 检查 ESRI 文档； 这是一个有据可查的问题。
您尝试匹配的地块数据没有正确定义的坐标系。 这些数据的保管者总是有可能不知道他们在做什么，并且把它搞砸了。 我承认这个问题已经见过很多次了。
您已匹配投影，但与基准不匹配。 许多城市仍在使用 NAD27 中的数据，这些数据已经过时了。 有些已转移到现代 NAD83。 差异可能高达 300 米，具体取决于您所在国家/地区的位置。 此外，源自测量或 GPS 设备的数据通常在 WGS84（卫星测量的典型默认设置）中收集，其所有实际用途与 NAD83 相同，至少在地图比例分辨率方面是如此。
尝试研究这些问题，看看进展如何。 我再说一遍：
手动设置投影实际上并不投影该数据！！
祝你好运！
This is a question with answers that may be simple or may be very complex, depending on your situation. As a GIS developer, I've most commonly seen this as a symptom of an incorrectly defined coordinate system. However, whether this is the case or not, and what the solution is strongly depends on your environment. From here on, I'll assume that you're working in an ESRI package...
I agree with the other posters that your problem is one of mismatching projections and/or datum definitions.
The most important thing to understand as regards projections in ESRI software is this:
Manually setting the projection of a dataset (shapefile, geodatabase feature class, etc) in ArcCatalog does NOT reproject that dataset!!!
In order to reproject your data, you must EXPORT the data from an ArcMap session in which you've been working and where the data is obviously lined up correctly. During the EXPORT, you are given the choice of saving your data with the coordinate system of the underlying map or that of the original dataset.
Your best bet is to follow these steps to create a new dataset with the correct projection and then extrapolate what you need to do to fix your specific problem:
Do this in a fresh ArcMap session with NO OTHER DATA. Be sure to explicitly set the coordinate system of the ArcMap mapview to your desired coordinate system (I recommend the one that matches the data you're trying to overlay, or one from another well-established dataset).
Add one other dataset with a known good coordinate system.
Create your new dataset in this ArcMap session. Give your new data the same coordinate system as the ArcMap mapview and the one other dataset in the map. Set the XY domain of the new data to exceed the area defined by your other dataset, but don't go beyond the size that will reduce your desired spatial resolution.
Create your data. It can be any data at this point. Some lines, some polygons, etc. Save your work.
Export your new dataset. When prompted, choose to save with the coordinate system of the underlying mapview.
Create a new ArcMap session and add your new dataset. Then add your parcel dataset. They should now occupy the same space in your map window.
Edit your new data to your heart's content.
Some probable issues if this doesn't help:
You didn't follow these steps correctly - check the ESRI documentation; this is a well documented issue.
The parcel data you're trying to match doesn't have properly defined coordinate system. It's always possible that the keepers of this data don't know what they're doing and have munged it up. I've seen this problem more times that I care to admit.
You've matched the projection but have mis-matched the datum. Many municipalities are still using data in NAD27, which is way out of date. Some have moved to the modern NAD83. The difference can be up to 300 meters, depending on where in the country you are. Also, data that originates from surveying or GPS equipment is usually collected in WGS84 (the typical default for satellite surveying), which is for all practical purposes the same as NAD83, at least at mapping scale resolutions.
Try researching these issues and see how it goes. I'll say it again:
Manually setting the projection does NOT actually project that data!!
Good luck!
您的问题可能是投影之一
| 投影：命名要使用的地图投影的字符串。 看
| “mapproject”（在“mapproj”库中）。 默认是
| 使用长宽比选择的矩形投影
| 经度和纬度尺度在
| 图片的中心。
`-----
Your problem is probably one of projection
| projection: character string that names a map projection to use. See
| 'mapproject' (in the 'mapproj' library). The default is to
| use a rectangular projection with the aspect ratio chosen so
| that longitude and latitude scales are equivalent at the
| center of the picture.
`-----