在 C++ 中使用下划线的规则是什么? 标识符?
在 C++ 中,使用某种前缀来命名成员变量是很常见的,以表示它们是成员变量,而不是局部变量或参数。 如果您有 MFC 背景,您可能会使用 m_foo
。 我偶尔也见过 myFoo
。
C#(或者可能只是 .NET)似乎建议仅使用下划线,如 _foo
中所示。 C++ 标准允许这样做吗?
It's common in C++ to name member variables with some kind of prefix to denote the fact that they're member variables, rather than local variables or parameters. If you've come from an MFC background, you'll probably use m_foo
. I've also seen myFoo
occasionally.
C# (or possibly just .NET) seems to recommend using just an underscore, as in _foo
. Is this allowed by the C++ standard?
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规则(在 C++11 中没有更改):
std
命名空间中的所有内容都被保留。 (不过,您可以添加模板专业化。)来自 2003 C++ 标准:
C++ 语言基于 C 语言(1.1/2、C++03),而 C99 是规范性参考(1.2/1、C++03),因此了解 1999 C 标准的限制很有用(尽管它们并不直接适用于 C++):
其他限制可能适用。 例如,POSIX 标准保留了许多可能出现在普通代码中的标识符:
E
开头的名称,后跟数字或大写字母:is
或to
开头,后跟小写字母的名称:LC_
开头,后跟大写字母的名称:f
或l
为后缀的现有数学函数的名称均被保留:SIG
开头后跟大写字母的名称被保留:SIG_
开头后跟大写字母的名称被保留:str
、mem
或wcs
开头且后跟小写字母的名称被保留:PRI
或SCN
开头,后跟任何小写字母或X
的名称被保留:_t
结尾的名称被保留:虽然现在将这些名称用于您自己的目的可能不会造成问题,但它们确实会增加与该标准的未来版本发生冲突的可能性。
就我个人而言,我只是不使用下划线开头标识符。 我的规则的新增内容:不要在任何地方使用双下划线,这很容易,因为我很少使用下划线。
在对本文进行研究后,我不再以
_t
结尾我的标识符因为这是 POSIX 标准保留的。
关于任何以
_t
结尾的标识符的规则让我很惊讶。 我认为这是一个 POSIX 标准(尚未确定),正在寻求澄清和官方章节。 这是来自 GNU libtool 手册,列出了保留名称。CesarB 提供了以下链接到 POSIX 2004 保留符号和注释'许多其他保留的前缀和后缀......可以在那里找到。 这
POSIX 2008 保留符号在这里定义。 这些限制比上述限制更为细致。
The rules (which did not change in C++11):
std
namespace is reserved. (You are allowed to add template specializations, though.)From the 2003 C++ Standard:
The C++ language is based on the C language (1.1/2, C++03), and C99 is a normative reference (1.2/1, C++03), so it's useful to know the restrictions from the 1999 C Standard (although they do not apply to C++ directly):
Other restrictions might apply. For example, the POSIX standard reserves a lot of identifiers that are likely to show up in normal code:
E
followed a digit or uppercase letter:is
orto
followed by a lowercase letter:LC_
followed by an uppercase letter:f
orl
are reserved:SIG
followed by an uppercase letter are reserved:SIG_
followed by an uppercase letter are reserved:str
,mem
, orwcs
followed by a lowercase letter are reserved:PRI
orSCN
followed by any lowercase letter orX
are reserved:_t
are reserved:While using these names for your own purposes right now might not cause a problem, they do raise the possibility of conflict with future versions of that standard.
Personally I just don't start identifiers with underscores. New addition to my rule: Don't use double underscores anywhere, which is easy as I rarely use underscore.
After doing research on this article I no longer end my identifiers with
_t
as this is reserved by the POSIX standard.
The rule about any identifier ending with
_t
surprised me a lot. I think that is a POSIX standard (not sure yet) looking for clarification and official chapter and verse. This is from the GNU libtool manual, listing reserved names.CesarB provided the following link to the POSIX 2004 reserved symbols and notes 'that many other reserved prefixes and suffixes ... can be found there'. The
POSIX 2008 reserved symbols are defined here. The restrictions are somewhat more nuanced than those above.
避免名称冲突的规则既包含在 C++ 标准中(参见 Stroustrup 的书),也由 C++ 大师(Sutter 等)提到过。
个人规则
因为我不想处理案例,并且想要一个简单的规则,所以我设计了一个既简单又正确的个人规则:
命名符号时,如果您满足以下条件,则可以避免与编译器/操作系统/标准库发生冲突:
当然,将代码放在唯一的命名空间中也有助于避免冲突(但不能防止邪恶的宏)
一些示例
(我使用宏是因为它们对 C/C++ 符号的代码污染更大,但它可以是从变量名到类名的任何内容)
摘自 C++0x 草稿
来自 n3242.pdf 文件(我希望最终的标准文本类似):
但是也:
最后一个子句令人困惑,除非您认为如果未在全局命名空间中定义,则以一个下划线开头并后跟一个小写字母的名称是可以的...
The rules to avoid collision of names are both in the C++ standard (see Stroustrup book) and mentioned by C++ gurus (Sutter, etc.).
Personal rule
Because I did not want to deal with cases, and wanted a simple rule, I have designed a personal one that is both simple and correct:
When naming a symbol, you will avoid collision with compiler/OS/standard libraries if you:
Of course, putting your code in an unique namespace helps to avoid collision, too (but won't protect against evil macros)
Some examples
(I use macros because they are the more code-polluting of C/C++ symbols, but it could be anything from variable name to class name)
Extracts from C++0x draft
From the n3242.pdf file (I expect the final standard text to be similar):
But also:
This last clause is confusing, unless you consider that a name starting with one underscore and followed by a lowercase letter would be Ok if not defined in the global namespace...
来自 MSDN:
这意味着您可以使用单个下划线作为成员变量前缀,只要它后面跟着一个小写字母即可。
这显然取自 C++ 标准的第 17.4.3.1.2 节,但我无法在线找到完整标准的原始来源。
另请参阅此问题。
From MSDN:
This means that you can use a single underscore as a member variable prefix, as long as it's followed by a lower-case letter.
This is apparently taken from section 17.4.3.1.2 of the C++ standard, but I can't find an original source for the full standard online.
See also this question.
至于问题的其他部分,通常将下划线放在变量名称的末尾,以免与任何内部内容发生冲突。
我什至在类和命名空间内也这样做,因为这样我只需要记住一条规则(与“在全局范围内的名称末尾,以及其他地方的名称开头”相比)。
As for the other part of the question, it's common to put the underscore at the end of the variable name to not clash with anything internal.
I do this even inside classes and namespaces because I then only have to remember one rule (compared to "at the end of the name in global scope, and the beginning of the name everywhere else").
是的,下划线可以用在标识符中的任何地方。 我相信规则是:第一个字符中的任何 az、AZ、_ 以及后续字符中的 +0-9。
下划线前缀在 C 代码中很常见——单下划线表示“私有”,双下划线通常保留供编译器使用。
Yes, underscores may be used anywhere in an identifier. I believe the rules are: any of a-z, A-Z, _ in the first character and those +0-9 for the following characters.
Underscore prefixes are common in C code -- a single underscore means "private", and double underscores are usually reserved for use by the compiler.
首先,当前工作草案中的规则在 [lex.name] p3< 中列出/a>:
此外,标准库保留了
namespace std
中定义的所有名称和一些僵尸名称; 请参阅[reserved.names.general]。那么 POSIX 呢?
正如已接受的答案所指出的那样,实现的其他部分(例如 POSIX 标准)可能会限制您可以使用的标识符。
- POSIX 2008 标准,2.2.2
在 C++ 中,几乎所有与 POSIX 相关的问题都可以通过命名空间来避免。
这也是为什么 C++ 标准可以在不破坏 POSIX 兼容性的情况下添加大量符号,例如
std::enable_if_t
。可视化
上述
y
规则适用于命名和未命名命名空间。不管怎样,在下面的命名空间中,遵循全局命名空间的规则
不再适用(请参阅[namespace.unnamed])。
上述
y
规则也适用于类、函数等中的标识符; 除了全球范围之外的任何东西。尽管
assert
在这里不像函数式宏那样使用,但该名称是保留的。 这也是提案 P2884 的原因考虑将其作为 C++26 中的关键字,到目前为止取得了一些成功。建议的做法
为了安全起见,请始终避免使用双下划线,并始终避免带有前导下划线的 nam。
后者在某些情况下是可以的,但记住这些规则很困难,安全总比后悔好。
_
本身怎么样?有些人使用
_
来表示未使用某些变量或函数参数。 但是,您可以通过以下方式避免这种情况:您还可以将参数
p
强制转换为void
,如(void)p
,如果这是关于静音警告关于p
未使用,并且您需要 C 兼容性。 请参阅为什么将未使用的返回值转换为 void?。Firstly, the rules in current working draft are laid out in [lex.name] p3:
Furthermore, the standard library reserves all names defined in
namespace std
and some zombie names; see [reserved.names.general].What about POSIX?
As the accepted answer has pointed out, there may be other parts of the implementation, like the POSIX standard, which limit the identifiers you can use.
- POSIX 2008 Standard, 2.2.2
In C++, almost all problems associated with POSIX can be avoided through namespaces.
This is also why the C++ standard can add tons of symbols like
std::enable_if_t
without breaking POSIX compatibility.Visualization
The above rules for
y
apply to both named and unnamed namespaces.Either way, in the following namespace, the rules of the global namespace
no longer apply (see [namespace.unnamed]).
The above rules for
y
also apply to identifiers in classes, functions, etc.; anything but global scope.Even though
assert
isn't used like a function-style macro here, the name is reserved. This is also why proposal P2884 contemplates making it a keyword in C++26, with some success so far.Recommended Practice
To be safe, always avoid double underscores, and always avoid nams with leading underscores.
The latter are okay in some cases, but it's difficult to memorize these rules, and it's better to be safe than sorry.
What about
_
in itself?Some people use
_
to indicate that some variable or function parameter isn't used. However, you can avoid this with:You can also cast a parameter
p
tovoid
like(void)p
, if this is about silencing warnings aboutp
being unused, and you need C compatibility. See Why cast unused return values to void?.