Question

311. Sparse Matrix Multiplication

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Description

Given two sparse matrices mat1 of size m x k and mat2 of size k x n, return the result of mat1 x mat2. You may assume that multiplication is always possible.

 

Example 1:

Input: mat1 = [[1,0,0],[-1,0,3]], mat2 = [[7,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]
Output: [[7,0,0],[-7,0,3]]

Example 2:

Input: mat1 = [[0]], mat2 = [[0]]
Output: [[0]]

 

Constraints:

• m == mat1.length
• k == mat1[i].length == mat2.length
• n == mat2[i].length
• 1 <= m, n, k <= 100
• -100 <= mat1[i][j], mat2[i][j] <= 100

Solutions

Solution 1: Direct Multiplication

We can directly calculate each element in the result matrix according to the definition of matrix multiplication.

The time complexity is $O(m \times n \times k)$, and the space complexity is $O(m \times n)$. Where $m$ and $n$ are the number of rows of matrix $mat1$ and the number of columns of matrix $mat2$ respectively, and $k$ is the number of columns of matrix $mat1$ or the number of rows of matrix $mat2$.

class Solution:
  def multiply(self, mat1: List[List[int]], mat2: List[List[int]]) -> List[List[int]]:
    m, n = len(mat1), len(mat2[0])
    ans = [[0] * n for _ in range(m)]
    for i in range(m):
      for j in range(n):
        for k in range(len(mat2)):
          ans[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j]
    return ans

class Solution {
  public int[][] multiply(int[][] mat1, int[][] mat2) {
    int m = mat1.length, n = mat2[0].length;
    int[][] ans = new int[m][n];
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
        for (int k = 0; k < mat2.length; ++k) {
          ans[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];
        }
      }
    }
    return ans;
  }
}

class Solution {
public:
  vector<vector<int>> multiply(vector<vector<int>>& mat1, vector<vector<int>>& mat2) {
    int m = mat1.size(), n = mat2[0].size();
    vector<vector<int>> ans(m, vector<int>(n));
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
        for (int k = 0; k < mat2.size(); ++k) {
          ans[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];
        }
      }
    }
    return ans;
  }
};

func multiply(mat1 [][]int, mat2 [][]int) [][]int {
  m, n := len(mat1), len(mat2[0])
  ans := make([][]int, m)
  for i := range ans {
    ans[i] = make([]int, n)
  }
  for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
    for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
      for k := 0; k < len(mat2); k++ {
        ans[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j]
      }
    }
  }
  return ans
}

function multiply(mat1: number[][], mat2: number[][]): number[][] {
  const [m, n] = [mat1.length, mat2[0].length];
  const ans: number[][] = Array.from({ length: m }, () => Array.from({ length: n }, () => 0));
  for (let i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
    for (let j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
      for (let k = 0; k < mat2.length; ++k) {
        ans[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];
      }
    }
  }
  return ans;
}

Solution 2: Preprocessing

We can preprocess the sparse representation of the two matrices, i.e., $g1[i]$ represents the column index and value of all non-zero elements in the $i$th row of matrix $mat1$, and $g2[i]$ represents the column index and value of all non-zero elements in the $i$th row of matrix $mat2$.

Next, we traverse each row $i$, traverse each element $(k, x)$ in $g1[i]$, traverse each element $(j, y)$ in $g2[k]$, then $mat1[i][k] \times mat2[k][j]$ will correspond to $ans[i][j]$ in the result matrix, and we can accumulate all the results.

The time complexity is $O(m \times n \times k)$, and the space complexity is $O(m \times n)$. Where $m$ and $n$ are the number of rows of matrix $mat1$ and the number of columns of matrix $mat2$ respectively, and $k$ is the number of columns of matrix $mat1$ or the number of rows of matrix $mat2$.

class Solution:
  def multiply(self, mat1: List[List[int]], mat2: List[List[int]]) -> List[List[int]]:
    def f(mat: List[List[int]]) -> List[List[int]]:
      g = [[] for _ in range(len(mat))]
      for i, row in enumerate(mat):
        for j, x in enumerate(row):
          if x:
            g[i].append((j, x))
      return g

    g1 = f(mat1)
    g2 = f(mat2)
    m, n = len(mat1), len(mat2[0])
    ans = [[0] * n for _ in range(m)]
    for i in range(m):
      for k, x in g1[i]:
        for j, y in g2[k]:
          ans[i][j] += x * y
    return ans

class Solution {
  public int[][] multiply(int[][] mat1, int[][] mat2) {
    int m = mat1.length, n = mat2[0].length;
    int[][] ans = new int[m][n];
    var g1 = f(mat1);
    var g2 = f(mat2);
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (int[] p : g1[i]) {
        int k = p[0], x = p[1];
        for (int[] q : g2[k]) {
          int j = q[0], y = q[1];
          ans[i][j] += x * y;
        }
      }
    }
    return ans;
  }

  private List<int[]>[] f(int[][] mat) {
    int m = mat.length, n = mat[0].length;
    List<int[]>[] g = new List[m];
    Arrays.setAll(g, i -> new ArrayList<>());
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
        if (mat[i][j] != 0) {
          g[i].add(new int[] {j, mat[i][j]});
        }
      }
    }
    return g;
  }
}

class Solution {
public:
  vector<vector<int>> multiply(vector<vector<int>>& mat1, vector<vector<int>>& mat2) {
    int m = mat1.size(), n = mat2[0].size();
    vector<vector<int>> ans(m, vector<int>(n));
    auto g1 = f(mat1), g2 = f(mat2);
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (auto& [k, x] : g1[i]) {
        for (auto& [j, y] : g2[k]) {
          ans[i][j] += x * y;
        }
      }
    }
    return ans;
  }

  vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> f(vector<vector<int>>& mat) {
    int m = mat.size(), n = mat[0].size();
    vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> g(m);
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
        if (mat[i][j]) {
          g[i].emplace_back(j, mat[i][j]);
        }
      }
    }
    return g;
  }
};

func multiply(mat1 [][]int, mat2 [][]int) [][]int {
  m, n := len(mat1), len(mat2[0])
  ans := make([][]int, m)
  for i := range ans {
    ans[i] = make([]int, n)
  }
  f := func(mat [][]int) [][][2]int {
    m, n := len(mat), len(mat[0])
    g := make([][][2]int, m)
    for i := range g {
      g[i] = make([][2]int, 0, n)
      for j := range mat[i] {
        if mat[i][j] != 0 {
          g[i] = append(g[i], [2]int{j, mat[i][j]})
        }
      }
    }
    return g
  }
  g1, g2 := f(mat1), f(mat2)
  for i := range g1 {
    for _, p := range g1[i] {
      k, x := p[0], p[1]
      for _, q := range g2[k] {
        j, y := q[0], q[1]
        ans[i][j] += x * y
      }
    }
  }
  return ans
}

function multiply(mat1: number[][], mat2: number[][]): number[][] {
  const [m, n] = [mat1.length, mat2[0].length];
  const ans: number[][] = Array.from({ length: m }, () => Array.from({ length: n }, () => 0));
  const f = (mat: number[][]): number[][][] => {
    const [m, n] = [mat.length, mat[0].length];
    const ans: number[][][] = Array.from({ length: m }, () => []);
    for (let i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
      for (let j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
        if (mat[i][j] !== 0) {
          ans[i].push([j, mat[i][j]]);
        }
      }
    }
    return ans;
  };
  const g1 = f(mat1);
  const g2 = f(mat2);
  for (let i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
    for (const [k, x] of g1[i]) {
      for (const [j, y] of g2[k]) {
        ans[i][j] += x * y;
      }
    }
  }
  return ans;
}