Question

In this part of the SQLite tutorial, we will mention views, triggers, and transactions.

Views

A view is a specific look on data in from one or more tables. It can arrange data in some specific order or highlight or hide some data. A view consists of a stored query accessible as a virtual table composed of the result set of a query. Unlike ordinary tables, a view does not form part of the physical schema. It is a dynamic, virtual table computed or collated from data in the database.

In the next example, we create a simple view.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM Cars;
Id       Name     Price   
-----------  -----------  ----------
1      Audi     52642   
2      Mercedes   57127   
3      Skoda    9000    
4      Volvo    29000   
5      Bentley    350000  
6      Citroen    21000   
7      Hummer     41400   
8      Volkswagen   21600  

This is our data, upon which we create the view.

sqlite> CREATE VIEW CheapCars AS SELECT Name FROM Cars WHERE Price < 30000;
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CheapCars;
Name     
-----------
Skoda    
Volvo    
Citroen  
Volkswagen 

The CREATE VIEW statement is used to create a view.

sqlite> .tables
Books     CheapCars   Friends     Names     Reservations
Cars      Customers   Log       Orders    Testing   
sqlite> DROP VIEW CheapCars;
sqlite> .tables
Books     Customers   Log       Orders    Testing   
Cars      Friends     Names     Reservations

Technically a view is a virtual table. So we can list all views with a .tables command. To remove a view, we use the DROP VIEW statement.

Triggers

Triggers are database operations that are automatically performed when a specified database event occurs.

In the following example, we will use the Friends table and create a new Log table.

sqlite> CREATE TABLE Log(Id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, OldName TEXT, 
   ...> NewName TEXT, Date TEXT);

The Log table has a column for the old name and for the new name of a friend. It also has a column for a timestamp.

CREATE TRIGGER mytrigger UPDATE OF Name ON Friends
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Log(OldName, NewName, Date) VALUES (old.Name, new.Name, datetime('now'));
END;

We create a trigger called mytrigger with the CREATE TRIGGER statement. This trigger will launch an INSERT statement whenever we update the Name column of the Friends table. The INSERT statement will insert the old name, the new name, and the time stamp into the Log table. The old and new are references to the row being modified.

sqlite> SELECT name, tbl_name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='trigger';
name     tbl_name   
-----------  -----------
mytrigger  Friends   

To list available triggers and their corresponding tables, we query the sqlite_master table.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM Friends;
Id      Name    Sex     
----------  ----------  ----------
1       Jane    F     
2       Thomas    M     
3       Franklin  M     
4       Elisabeth   F     
5       Mary    F     
6       Lucy    F     
7       Jack    M  

This is our data.

Next, we are going to update one row of the Friends table.

sqlite> UPDATE Friends SET Name='Frank' WHERE Id=3;

We update the third row of the table. The trigger is launched.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM Log;
Id       OldName    NewName   Date         
-----------  -----------  ----------  -------------------
1      Franklin   Frank     2014-11-18 10:58:46

We check the Log table. This log confirms the update operation we performed.

Transactions

A transaction is an atomic unit of database operations against the data in one or more databases. The effects of all the SQL statements in a transaction can be either all committed to the database or all rolled back.

In SQLite, any command other than SELECT starts an implicit transaction. Manual transactions are started with the BEGIN TRANSACTION statement and finished with the COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements.

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Test(Id INTEGER NOT NULL);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(1);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(2);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(3);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(NULL);
COMMIT;

Here we have a sample transaction. A transaction begins with BEGIN TRANSACTION and ends with COMMIT .

We have a NOT NULL constraint set on the Id column. Thus, the fourth insert will not succeed. SQLite manages transactions on a case-by-case basis. For some errors, it reverts all changes. For others, it reverts only the last statement and leaves other changes intact. In our case, the table is created and the first three inserts are written into the table. The fourth one is not.

Say, we already had an empty table named Test. Executing the above transaction would fail completely. No changes would be written. If we changed the CREATE TABLE statement into CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS, the first three statements would execute.

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Test(Id INTEGER NOT NULL);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(11);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(12);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(13);
INSERT INTO Test VALUES(NULL);
ROLLBACK;

A transaction can end with a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK statement. The ROLLBACK reverts all changes.

In this part of the SQLite tutorial, we have worked with views, triggers, and transactions in SQLite.