Question

Controls are basic building blocks of a Windows application. (Controls are called widgets in UNIX.) This part of the Windows API tutorial covers a static control, a button, a check box, and an edit box.

Controls are windows too. They are created using the CreateWindowW() or CreateWindowExW() functions. These functions take a window class name as their first and second parameter respectively. Controls have their specific predefined window class names; therefore, we do not call the RegisterClassW() or RegisterClassExW() when we create controls.

Static control

Static control displays text and graphics. The static control cannot be selected. It also cannot have keyboard focus.

Static text

In the first example, we create a static text control.

static_text.c

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
          PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

  MSG  msg;  
  WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
  wc.lpszClassName = L"Static Control";
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance;
  wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);

  
  RegisterClassW(&wc);
  CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Criminal",
          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
          100, 100, 330, 270, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);

  while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
  
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
  }

  return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {

  static wchar_t *lyrics =  L"I know you told me I should stay away\n\
I know you said he's just a dog astray\n\
He is a bad boy with a tainted heart\n\
And even I know this ain't smart\n\
\n\
But mama, I'm in love with a criminal\n\
And this type of love isn't rational, it's physical\n\
Mama, please don't cry, I will be alright\n\
All reason aside, I just can't deny, love the guy\n\
";

  switch(msg) {

    case WM_CREATE:
    
      CreateWindowW(L"Static", lyrics, 
        WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_LEFT,
        20, 20, 300, 230, 
        hwnd, (HMENU) 1, NULL, NULL);
      break;

    case WM_DESTROY:

      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
  }

  return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

The example shows lyrics of a song on a window.

CreateWindowW(L"Static", lyrics, 
  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_LEFT,
  20, 20, 300, 230,
  hwnd, (HMENU) 1, NULL, NULL);
break;

The static control is created with the L"Static" class. The text is aligned to the left with the SS_LEFT style.

Static text control

Static image

The second example creates a static image control.

static_image.c

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void LoadMyImage(void);

HBITMAP hBitmap;

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
          PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

  MSG  msg;  
  WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
  wc.lpszClassName = L"Static image";
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance;
  wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(0,IDC_ARROW);

  
  RegisterClassW(&wc);
  CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Static image",
          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
          100, 100, 330, 270, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);

  while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
  
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
  }

  return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
  
  HWND hsti;

  switch(msg) {

    case WM_CREATE:
  
      LoadMyImage();
      hsti = CreateWindowW(L"Static", L"", 
        WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_BITMAP,
        5, 5, 300, 300, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, NULL, NULL);

      SendMessage(hsti, STM_SETIMAGE,
        (WPARAM) IMAGE_BITMAP, (LPARAM) hBitmap); 
      break;

    case WM_DESTROY:

      DeleteObject(hBitmap);
      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
  }

  return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

void LoadMyImage(void) {

  hBitmap = LoadImageW(NULL, L"C:\\prog\\slovakia.bmp", IMAGE_BITMAP,
    0, 0, LR_LOADFROMFILE);
}

The example shows a BMP image on the window.

hsti = CreateWindowW(L"Static", L"", 
    WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_BITMAP,
    5, 5, 300, 300, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, NULL, NULL);

The SS_BITMAP constant makes the static control display a bitmap.

SendMessage(hsti, STM_SETIMAGE,
    (WPARAM) IMAGE_BITMAP, (LPARAM) hBitmap); 

The STM_SETIMAGE message is sent to associate a new image with a static control.

void LoadMyImage(void) {

  hBitmap = LoadImageW(NULL, L"C:\\prog\\slovakia.bmp", IMAGE_BITMAP,
    0, 0, LR_LOADFROMFILE);
}

The LoadImageW() function loads a bitmap from the filesystem. If the function succeeds, the return value is the handle of the newly loaded image.

Static image control

Button

Button is a simple control with a text label. It is used to trigger an action. When we click on a button, it sends a WM_COMMAND message to its parent window. The low-order word of the wParam parameter contains the control identifier.

button.c

#include <windows.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

#define ID_BEEP 1
#define ID_QUIT 2

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
          PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

  MSG  msg;
  WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
  wc.lpszClassName = L"Buttons";
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance;
  wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);

  RegisterClassW(&wc);
  CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Buttons",
          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
          150, 150, 300, 200, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);

  while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
  
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
  }

  return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
  
  switch(msg) {

    case WM_CREATE:

      CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Beep",
        WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD ,
        20, 50, 80, 25, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_BEEP, NULL, NULL);

      CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Quit",
        WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD ,
        120, 50, 80, 25, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_QUIT, NULL, NULL);
      break;

    case WM_COMMAND:

      if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_BEEP) {
      
        MessageBeep(MB_OK);
      }

      if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_QUIT) {
      
        PostQuitMessage(0);
      }

      break;

    case WM_DESTROY:

      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
  }

  return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

In our example we have created two buttons. One button will beep. The other one will close the window.

CreateWindowW(L"Button", L"Beep",
  WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD ,
  20, 50, 80, 25, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_BEEP, NULL, NULL);

The button control is created with the L"Button" class.

case WM_COMMAND:

  if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_BEEP) {
  
    MessageBeep(MB_OK);
  }

  if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_QUIT) {
  
    PostQuitMessage(0);
  }

  break;

The control's ID is in the LOWORD of the wParam . Depending on the ID, we call the MessageBeep() function or the PostQuitMessage() function.

Button controls

Check box

Check box control is a box that you can click to turn an option on or off.

checkbox.c

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);


int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
          PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
          
  MSG  msg;  
  WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
  wc.lpszClassName = L"Check Box";
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance ;
  wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);

  RegisterClassW(&wc);
  CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Check Box",
          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
          150, 150, 230, 150, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);

  while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
  
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
  }

  return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
  
  bool checked = true;

  switch(msg) {
  
    case WM_CREATE:

      CreateWindowW(L"button", L"Show Title",
        WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | BS_CHECKBOX,
        20, 20, 185, 35, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, 
        NULL, NULL);

      CheckDlgButton(hwnd, 1, BST_CHECKED);
      break;

    case WM_COMMAND:

      checked = IsDlgButtonChecked(hwnd, 1);

      if (checked) {

        CheckDlgButton(hwnd, 1, BST_UNCHECKED);
        SetWindowTextW(hwnd, L"");

      } else {

         CheckDlgButton(hwnd, 1, BST_CHECKED);
         SetWindowTextW(hwnd, L"Check Box");
      }
    
      break;
 
     case WM_DESTROY:

      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
  }

  return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

In our example, we show or hide the window title depending on the state of the check box.

CreateWindowW(L"button", L"Show Title",
  WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | BS_CHECKBOX,
  20, 20, 185, 35, hwnd, (HMENU) 1, 
  NULL, NULL);

Check box is a special kind of a button. It is created with the BS_CHECKBOX flag.

checked = IsDlgButtonChecked(hwnd, 1);

We determine the state of the check box using the IsDlgButtonChecked() function.

CheckDlgButton(hwnd, 1, BST_UNCHECKED);

We check and uncheck the check box using the CheckDlgButton() function.

SetWindowTextW(hwnd, L"");

The SetWindowTextW() function sets the title of the window.

Checkbox control

Edit control

Edit control is a rectangular child window used to enter and edit text. It can be single line or multiline.

edit.c

#include <windows.h>

#define ID_EDIT 1
#define ID_BUTTON 2

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
          PWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {

  MSG  msg;  
  WNDCLASSW wc = {0};
  wc.lpszClassName = L"Edit control";
  wc.hInstance   = hInstance;
  wc.hbrBackground = GetSysColorBrush(COLOR_3DFACE);
  wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc;
  wc.hCursor     = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);

  RegisterClassW(&wc);
  CreateWindowW(wc.lpszClassName, L"Edit control",
          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
          220, 220, 280, 200, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);  

  while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {
  
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
  }

  return (int) msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, 
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {

  static HWND hwndEdit;
  HWND hwndButton;

  switch(msg) {

    case WM_CREATE:

      hwndEdit = CreateWindowW(L"Edit", NULL, 
        WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER,
        50, 50, 150, 20, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_EDIT,
        NULL, NULL);

      hwndButton = CreateWindowW(L"button", L"Set title",
        WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD, 50, 100, 80, 25,
        hwnd, (HMENU) ID_BUTTON, NULL, NULL);

      break;

    case WM_COMMAND:	

      if (HIWORD(wParam) == BN_CLICKED) {

        int len = GetWindowTextLengthW(hwndEdit) + 1;
        wchar_t text[len];

        GetWindowTextW(hwndEdit, text, len);
        SetWindowTextW(hwnd, text);
      }

      break;

    case WM_DESTROY:
      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
  }

  return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

In our example, we have an edit control and a button. We can put some text into the edit control. If we click on the button, the entered text will be displayed in the titlebar of the main window.

hwndEdit = CreateWindowW(L"Edit", NULL, 
  WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER,
  50, 50, 150, 20, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_EDIT,
  NULL, NULL);

The edit control is created with the L"Edit" window class. The WS_BORDER window style creates a thin-line border around the control.

if (HIWORD(wParam) == BN_CLICKED) {

   int len = GetWindowTextLengthW(hwndEdit) + 1;
   wchar_t text[len];

   GetWindowTextW(hwndEdit, text, len);
   SetWindowTextW(hwnd, text);
}

The GetWindowTextLengthW() returns the length of the entered text. Notice that we add 1 to the length. This is to include the zero terminator. Try to omit it and see what happens. The GetWindowTextW() receives the text from the edit control. The function's first parameter is the handle to the window or control containing the text. The SetWindowTextW() sets the text for the window. In this context, it is the title of the main window.

Figure: Edit control

In this part of the Windows API tutorial, we have covered four basic Windows controls.