Question

In this part of the Java tutorial, we will cover arrays. An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length of an array is established when the array is created. After creation, its length is fixed.

A scalar variable can hold only one item at a time. Arrays can hold multiple items. These items are called elements of the array. Arrays store data of the same data type. Each element can be referred to by an index. Arrays are zero based. The index of the first element is zero.

Arrays are used to store data of our applications. We declare arrays to be of a certain data type. We specify their length. And we initialize arrays with data. We have several methods for working with arrays. We can modify the elements, sort them, copy them or search for them.

int[] ages;
String[] names;
float[] weights;

We have three array declarations. The declaration consists of two parts. The type of the array and the array name. The type of an array has a data type that determines the types of the elements within an array ( int , String , float in our case) and a pair of square brackets [] . The brackets indicate that we have an array.

Collections serve a similar purpose like arrays. They are more powerful than arrays. They will be described later in a separate chapter.

Initializing arrays

There are several ways how we can initialize an array in Java. In the first example, an array is created and initialized in two steps.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class InitArray {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[] a = new int[5];

    a[0] = 1;
    a[1] = 2;
    a[2] = 3;
    a[3] = 4;
    a[4] = 5;

    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));    
  }
}

We create and initialize a numerical array. The contents of the array are printed to the console.

int[] a = new int[5];

Here we create an array which can contain five elements. The statement allocates memory for five integers. The square brackets are used for declaring an array, the type ( int in our case) tells us what type of values the array will hold. An array is an object and therefore it is created with the new keyword.

a[0] = 1;
a[1] = 2;
a[2] = 3;
a[3] = 4;
a[4] = 5;

We initialize the array with some data. This is assignment initialization. The indexes are in the square brackets. Number 1 is going to be the first element of the array. Number 2 is the second etc.

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));  

The Arrays class is a helper class which contains various methods for manipulating arrays. The toString() method returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array. This method is helpful in debugging.

$ java com.zetcode.InitArray 
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Output of the com.zetcode.InitArray example.

We can declare and initialize an array in one statement.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class InitArray2 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    int[] a = new int[] { 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2 };

    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
  }
}

This is a modified version of the previous program.

int[] array = new int[] { 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2 };

An array is created and initialized in one step. The elements are specified in curly brackets. We did not specify the length of the array. The compiler will do it for us.

The one step creation and initialization can be further simplified by only specifying the numbers between the curly brackets.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class InitArray3 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    int[] a = { 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2 };

    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
  }
}

An array of integers is created using the most simple way of array creation.

int[] a = { 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2 };

The new int[] construct can be omitted. The right side of the statement is an array literal notation. It resembles the C/C++ style of array initialization. Even if we drop the new keyword, the array is created the same way as in previous two examples. This is just a convenient shorthand notation.

Accessing elements

After the array is created, its elements can be accessed by their index. The index is a number placed inside square brackets which follow the array name.

package com.zetcode;

public class AccessingElements {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    String[] names = {"Jane", "Thomas", "Lucy", "David"};
    
    System.out.println(names[0]);
    System.out.println(names[1]);
    System.out.println(names[2]);
    System.out.println(names[3]);  
  }
}

In the example, we create an array of string names. We access each of the elements by its index and print them to the terminal.

String[] names = {"Jane", "Thomas", "Lucy", "David"};

An array of strings is created.

System.out.println(names[0]);
System.out.println(names[1]);
System.out.println(names[2]);
System.out.println(names[3]);  

Each of the elements of the array is printed to the console. With the names[0] construct, we refer to the first element of the names array.

$ java com.zetcode.AccessingElements 
Jane
Thomas
Lucy
David

Running the example we get the above output.

It is possible to change the elements of an array. The elements are not immutable.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class AccessingElements2 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[] vals = { 1, 2, 3 };
    
    vals[0] *= 2;
    vals[1] *= 2;
    vals[2] *= 2;
    
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(vals));  
  }
}

We have an array of three integers. Each of the values will be multiplied by two.

int[] vals = { 1, 2, 3 };

An array of three integers is created.

vals[0] *= 2;
vals[1] *= 2;
vals[2] *= 2;

Using the element access, we multiply each value in the array by two.

$ java com.zetcode.AccessingElements2 
[2, 4, 6]

All three integers have been multiplied by number 2.

Traversing arrays

We often need to go through all elements of an array. We show two common methods for traversing an array.

package com.zetcode;

public class TraversingArrays {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    String[] planets = { "Mercury", "Venus", "Mars", "Earth", "Jupiter", 
      "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune", "Pluto" };
    
    for (int i=0; i < planets.length; i++) {
      
      System.out.println(planets[i]);
    }
    
    for (String planet : planets) {
      
      System.out.println(planet);
    }
  }
}

An array of planet names is created. We use the for loop to print all the values.

for (int i=0; i < planets.length; i++) {
  
  System.out.println(planets[i]);
}

In this loop, we utilize the fact that we can get the number of elements from the array object. The number of elements is stored in the length constant.

for (String planet : planets) {
  
  System.out.println(planet);
}

An enhanced for keyword can be used to make the code more compact when traversing arrays or other collections. In each cycle, the planet variable is passed the next value from the planets array.

Multidimensional arrays

So far we have been working with one-dimensional arrays. In Java, we can create multidimensional arrays. A multidimensional array is an array of arrays. In such an array, the elements are themselves arrays. In multidimensional arrays, we use two or more sets of brackets.

package com.zetcode;

public class TwoDimensions {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[][] twodim = new int[][] { {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3} };

    int d1 = twodim.length;
    int d2 = twodim[1].length;

    for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
      
      for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
        
        System.out.println(twodim[i][j]);
      }
    }
  }
}

In this example, we create a two-dimensional array of integers.

int[][] twodim = new int[][] { {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3} };

Two pairs of square brackets are used to declare a two-dimensional array. Inside the curly brackets, we have additional two pairs of curly brackets. They represent two inner arrays.

int d1 = twodim.length;
int d2 = twodim[1].length;

We determine the length of the outer array that holds other two arrays and the second inner array.

for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
  
  for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
    
    System.out.println(twodim[i][j]);
  }
}

Two for loops are used to print all the six values from the two-dimensional array. The first index of the twodim[i][j] array refers to one of the inner arrays. The second index refers to the element of the chosen inner array.

$ java com.zetcode.TwoDimensions 
1
2
3
1
2
3

This is the output of the com.zetcode.TwoDimensions program.

In a similar fashion, we create a three-dimensional array of integers.

package com.zetcode;

public class ThreeDimensions {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[][][] n3 = {
      {{12, 2, 8}, {0, 2, 1}},
      {{14, 5, 2}, {0, 5, 4}},
      {{3, 26, 9}, {8, 7, 1}},
      {{4, 11, 2}, {0, 9, 6}}
    };

    int d1 = n3.length;
    int d2 = n3[0].length;
    int d3 = n3[0][0].length;

    for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
      
      for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
        
        for (int k = 0; k < d3; k++) {
          
          System.out.print(n3[i][j][k] + " ");
        }
      }
    }

    System.out.print('\n');
  }
}

A variable that holds a tree-dimensional array is declared with three pairs of square brackets. The values are place inside three pairs of curly brackets.

int[][][] n3 = {
  {{12, 2, 8}, {0, 2, 1}},
  {{14, 5, 2}, {0, 5, 4}},
  {{3, 26, 9}, {8, 7, 1}},
  {{4, 11, 2}, {0, 9, 6}}
};

Three-dimensional array n3 is created. It is an array that has elements which are themselves arrays of arrays.

int d1 = n3.length;
int d2 = n3[0].length;
int d3 = n3[0][0].length;

We get the length of all three dimensions.

for (int i = 0; i < d1; i++) {
  
  for (int j = 0; j < d2; j++) {
    
    for (int k = 0; k < d3; k++) {
      
      System.out.print(n3[i][j][k] + " ");
    }
  }
}

We need three for loops to traverse a three dimensional array.

$ java com.zetcode.ThreeDimensions
12 2 8 0 2 1 14 5 2 0 5 4 3 26 9 8 7 1 4 11 2 0 9 6

We print the contents of the three-dimensional array to the console.

Irregular arrays

Arrays that have elements of the same size are called rectangular arrays. It is possible to create irregular arrays where the arrays have a different size. In C# such arrays are called jagged arrays.

package com.zetcode;

public class IrregularArrays {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[][] ir = new int[][] {
      {1, 2},
      {1, 2, 3},
      {1, 2, 3, 4}
    };

    for (int[] a : ir) {
      for (int e : a) {
        System.out.print(e + " ");
      }
    }

    System.out.print('\n');
  }
}

This is an example of an irregular array.

int[][] ir = new int[][] {
  {1, 2},
  {1, 2, 3},
  {1, 2, 3, 4}
};

This is a declaration and initialization of an irregular array. The three inner arrays have 2, 3, and 4 elements.

for (int[] a : ir) {
  for (int e : a) {
    System.out.print(e + " ");
  }
}

The enhanced for loop is used to go through all the elements of the array.

$ java com.zetcode.IrregularArrays
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 

This is the output of the example.

Array methods

The Arrays class, available in the java.util package, is a helper class that contains methods for working with arrays. These methods can be used for modifying, sorting, copying, or searching data. These methods that we use are static methods of the Array class.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;


public class ArrayMethods {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[] a = {5, 2, 4, 3, 1};
    
    Arrays.sort(a);
    
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
    
    Arrays.fill(a, 8);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
    
    int[] b = Arrays.copyOf(a, 5);
    
    if (Arrays.equals(a, b)) {

      System.out.println("Arrays a, b are equal");
    } else {

      System.out.println("Arrays a, b are not equal");
    }          
  }
}

In the code example, we will present five methods of the Arrays class.

import java.util.Arrays;

We will use the shorthand notation for the Arrays class.

int[] a = {5, 2, 4, 3, 1};

We have an array of five integers.

Arrays.sort(a);

The sort() method sorts the integers in an ascending order.

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));

The toString() method returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.

Arrays.fill(a, 8);

The fill() method assigns the specified integer value to each element of the array.

int[] b = Arrays.copyOf(a, 5);

The copyOf() method copies the specified number of elements to a new array.

if (Arrays.equals(a, b)) {

  System.out.println("Arrays a, b are equal");
} else {

  System.out.println("Arrays a, b are not equal");
}  

The equals() method compares the two arrays. Two arrays are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.

$ java com.zetcode.ArrayMethods 
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[8, 8, 8, 8, 8]
Arrays a, b are equal

Running the com.zetcode.ArrayMethods application, we get the above result.

Comparing arrays

There are two methods for comparing arrays. The equals() method and the deepEquals() method. The deepEquals() method also compares references to arrays inside arrays.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;


public class ComparingArrays {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    int[] a = {1, 1, 2, 1, 1};
    int[] b = {0, 0, 3, 0, 0};
    
    int[][] c = {
      {1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
      {0, 0, 3, 0, 0}
    };
    
    int[][] d = {
      a,
      b
    };     
    
    System.out.print("equals() method: ");
    
    if (Arrays.equals(c, d)) {

      System.out.println("Arrays c, d are equal");
    } else {

      System.out.println("Arrays c, d are not equal");
    }    
    
    System.out.print("deepEquals() method: ");
    
    if (Arrays.deepEquals(c, d)) {

      System.out.println("Arrays c, d are equal");
    } else {

      System.out.println("Arrays c, d are not equal");
    }      
  }
}

The example explains the difference between the two methods.

int[] a = {1, 1, 2, 1, 1};
int[] b = {0, 0, 3, 0, 0};

We have two arrays of integers.

int[][] c = {
  {1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
  {0, 0, 3, 0, 0}
};

The c array has two inner arrays. The elements of the inner arrays are equal to the a and b arrays.

int[][] d = {
  a,
  b
};     

The d array contains references to a and b arrays.

System.out.print("equals() method: ");

if (Arrays.equals(c, d)) {

  System.out.println("Arrays c, d are equal");
} else {

  System.out.println("Arrays c, d are not equal");
}    

System.out.print("deepEquals() method: ");

if (Arrays.deepEquals(c, d)) {

  System.out.println("Arrays c, d are equal");
} else {

  System.out.println("Arrays c, d are not equal");
}  

Now the c and d arrays are compared using both methods. For the equals() method, the arrays are not equal. The deepEquals() method goes deeper in the referenced arrays and retrieves their elements for comparison. For this method, the c and d arrays are equal.

$ java com.zetcode.ComparingArrays 
equals() method: Arrays c, d are not equal
deepEquals() method: Arrays c, d are equal

This is the example output.

Searching arrays

The Arrays class has a simple method for searching elements in an array. It is called the binarySearch() . The method searches for elements using a binary search algorithm. The binarySearch() method only works on sorted arrays.

package com.zetcode;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Searching {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    String[] planets = { "Mercury", "Venus", "Mars", "Earth", "Jupiter", 
      "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune", "Pluto" };
    
    Arrays.sort(planets);
    
    String p = "Earth";
         
    int r = Arrays.binarySearch(planets, p);
    
    String msg;
    
    if (r >= 0) {
      msg = String.format("%s was found at position %d of the "
          + "sorted array", p, r);      
    } else {
      msg = p + " was not found";
    }        
    
    System.out.println(msg);  
  }
}

In the example, we search for the "Earth" string in an array of planets.

Arrays.sort(planets);

Since the algorithm only works on sorted arrays, we must sort the array first.

String p = "Earth";

We will be searching for the "Earth" element.

int r = Arrays.binarySearch(planets, p);

The binarySearch() method is called. The first parameter is the array name, the second the element we are looking for. If the element is found, the return value is greater or equal to zero. In such a case, it is the index of the element in the sorted array.

if (r >= 0) {
  msg = String.format("%s was found at position %d of the "
      + "sorted array", p, r);      
} else {
  msg = p + " was not found";
}   

Depending on the returned value, we create a message.

$ java com.zetcode.Searching 
Earth was found at position 0 of the sorted array

This is the example output.

In this part of the Java tutorial, we worked with arrays.