Question

In this part of the JavaScript GTK tutorial, we will do some painting with the Cairo library. Currently, Seed supports only a small portion of the Cairo library.

Cairo is a library for creating 2D vector graphics. We can use it to draw our own widgets, charts or various effects or animations.

Colors

In the first example, we will work with colours. A colour is an object representing a combination of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) intensity values. Cairo valid RGB values are in the range 0 to 1.

#!/usr/bin/seed

/*
ZetCode JavaScript GTK tutorial

In this program, we will draw three
colored rectangles on the drawing area
using Cairo

author: Jan Bodnar
website: www.zetcode.com
last modified: July 2011
*/

Gtk = imports.gi.Gtk;
cairo = imports.cairo;


Gtk.init(null, null);

Example = new GType({
  parent: Gtk.Window.type,
  name: "Example",
  init: function ()
  {
    init_ui(this);     
    
    function init_ui(w) {
      
      w.signal.hide.connect(Gtk.main_quit);
      w.set_default_size(360, 100);
      w.set_title("Colors");
      w.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER);       
              
      var darea = new Gtk.DrawingArea();
    
      darea.signal.expose_event.connect(on_expose);
      
      w.add(darea);      
      w.show_all(); 
    }
    
    function on_expose(darea) {
      
      print(darea);

      var cr = new cairo.Context.from_drawable(darea.window);
      draw_colors(cr);
    }
  
  
    function draw_colors(cr) {
    
      cr.set_source_rgb(0.2, 0.23, 0.9);
      cr.rectangle(10, 15, 90, 60);
      cr.fill();
      
      cr.set_source_rgb(0.9, 0.1, 0.1);
      cr.rectangle(130, 15, 90, 60);
      cr.fill();

      cr.set_source_rgb(0.4, 0.9, 0.4);
      cr.rectangle(250, 15, 90, 60);
      cr.fill();      
    }    
  }        
});


var window = new Example();
Gtk.main();

In our example, we will draw three rectangles and fill them with three different colours.

var darea = new Gtk.DrawingArea();

We will be doing our drawing operations on the DrawingArea widget.

darea.signal.expose_event.connect(on_expose);

When the window needs to be redrawn, the expose_event is triggered. In response to this event, we call the on_expose() method.

var cr = new cairo.Context.from_drawable(darea.window);

We create the cairo context object from the GdkWindow of the drawing area. The context is an object onto which we do all our drawings.

draw_colors(cr);

The actual drawing is delegated to the draw_colors() method.

cr.set_source_rgb(0.2, 0.23, 0.9);

The set_source_rgb() method sets a colour for the cairo context. The three parameters of the method are the colour intensity values.

cr.rectangle(10, 15, 90, 60);

We draw a rectangle. The first two parameters are the x, y coordinates of the top left corner of the rectangle. The last two parameters are the width and height of the rectangle.

cr.fill();

We fill the inside of the rectangle with the current colour.

Figure: Colors

Basic shapes

The next example draws some basic shapes onto the window.

#!/usr/bin/seed

/*
ZetCode JavaScript GTK tutorial

This code example draws basic shapes
with the Cairo library

author: Jan Bodnar
website: www.zetcode.com
last modified: July 2011
*/

Gtk = imports.gi.Gtk;
cairo = imports.cairo;


Gtk.init(null, null);

Example = new GType({
  parent: Gtk.Window.type,
  name: "Example",
  init: function ()
  {
    init_ui(this);     
    
    function init_ui(w) {
      
      w.signal.hide.connect(Gtk.main_quit);
      w.set_default_size(390, 240);
      w.set_title("Basic shapes");
      w.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER);       
              
      var darea = new Gtk.DrawingArea();
    
      darea.signal.expose_event.connect(on_expose);
      
      w.add(darea);      
      w.show_all(); 
    }
    
    function on_expose(darea) {

      var cr = new cairo.Context.from_drawable(darea.window);
      draw_colors(cr);
    }
  
  
    function draw_colors(cr) {
    
      cr.set_source_rgb(0.6, 0.6, 0.6);

      cr.rectangle(20, 20, 120, 80);
      cr.rectangle(180, 20, 80, 80);
      cr.fill();

      cr.arc(330, 60, 40, 0, 2*Math.PI);
      cr.fill();
      
      cr.arc(90, 160, 40, Math.PI/4, Math.PI);
      cr.fill();

      cr.translate(220, 180);
      cr.scale(1, 0.7);
      cr.arc(0, 0, 50, 0, 2*Math.PI);
      cr.fill();
    }    
  }        
});


var window = new Example();
Gtk.main();

In this example, we will create a rectangle, a square, a circle, an arc, and an ellipse. We draw outlines in blue colour, insides in white.

cr.rectangle(20, 20, 120, 80);
cr.rectangle(180, 20, 80, 80);
cr.fill();

These lines draw a rectangle and a square.

cr.arc(330, 60, 40, 0, 2*Math.PI);
cr.fill();

Here the arc() method draws a full circle.

cr.translate(220, 180);
cr.scale(1, 0.7);
cr.arc(0, 0, 50, 0, 2*Math.PI);
cr.fill();

The translate() method moves the object to a specific point. If we want to draw an oval, we do some scaling first. Here the scale() method shrinks the y axis.

Figure: Basic shapes

Transparent rectangles

Transparency is the quality of being able to see through a material. The easiest way to understand transparency is to imagine a piece of glass or water. Technically, the rays of light can go through the glass and this way we can see objects behind the glass.

In computer graphics, we can achieve transparency effects using alpha compositing. Alpha compositing is the process of combining an image with a background to create the appearance of partial transparency. The composition process uses an alpha channel. (wikipedia.org, answers.com)

#!/usr/bin/seed

/*
ZetCode JavaScript GTK tutorial

This program shows transparent
rectangles using Cairo

author: Jan Bodnar
website: www.zetcode.com
last modified: July 2011
*/

Gtk = imports.gi.Gtk;
cairo = imports.cairo;

Gtk.init(null, null);

Example = new GType({
  parent: Gtk.Window.type,
  name: "Example",
  init: function ()
  {
    init_ui(this);     
    
    function init_ui(w) {
      
      w.signal.hide.connect(Gtk.main_quit);
      w.set_default_size(590, 90);
      w.set_title("Transparent rectangles");
      w.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER);       
              
      var darea = new Gtk.DrawingArea();
    
      darea.signal.expose_event.connect(on_expose);
      
      w.add(darea);      
      w.show_all(); 
    }
    
    function on_expose(darea) {     

      var cr = new cairo.Context.from_drawable(darea.window);
      draw_rectangles(cr);
    }
  
    function draw_rectangles(cr) {
    
      for (var i=1; i<=10; i++) {
        cr.set_source_rgba(0, 0, 1, i*0.1);
        cr.rectangle(50*i, 20, 40, 40);
        cr.fill();
      }
    }            
  }        
});


var window = new Example();
Gtk.main();

In the example we will draw ten rectangles with different levels of transparency.

cr.set_source_rgba(0, 0, 1, i*0.1);

The last parameter of the set_source_rgba() method is the alpha transparency.

Figure: Transparent rectangles

In this chapter of the JavaScript GTK tutorial, we were painting with Cairo library.