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In this part of the Windows API tutorial, we will talk about main functions.

The main function prototypes

The main() function is an entry point to a C program. However, it is not the first program to run. When the entry point is main() , the program execution actually begins in a function called mainCRTStartup() . This function is located in the C runtime library. It initialises things like the memory manager, file I/O support, and the argv parameter. After that, the mainCRTStartup() function will call the main() function.

int main(void);
int main(int argc, char **argv);
int main(int argc, char *argv[]);

These are the function prototypes for the main() function for the classic console program.

classic_console.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {

  puts("This is a classic C program.");

  return 0;
}

The above source code presents an example of a classic console C program.

C:\Users\Jano\Documents\Pelles C Projects\ClassicConsole>ClassicConsole.exe
This is a classic C program.

This is the output of the ClassicConsole.exe program.

The wmain function prototypes

The previous main function prototypes could receive only ASCII characters. If we want a program that could receive wide characters from the command line, we will use the wmain() function prototypes.

int wmain(void);
int wmain(int argc, wchar_t **argv);
int wmain(int argc, wchar_t *argv[]);

The above wmain() function prototypes receive wchar_t characters on the command line. When we use these prototypes, the execution begins in a function called wmainCRTStartup() which will later call the wmain() function.

win_console.c

#include <windows.h>
#include <wchar.h>

int wmain(int argc, wchar_t **argv) {

  PDWORD cChars = NULL;
  HANDLE std = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);   
  
  if (std == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    wprintf(L"Cannot retrieve standard output handle\n (%d)", 
      GetLastError());
  }
 
  if (argv[1]) {
  
    WriteConsoleW(std, argv[1], wcslen(argv[1]), cChars, NULL);
  }
  
  CloseHandle(std);
 
  return 0;
}

We have a wmain() function which can receive wide characters. The example prints the first argument of the console program. To insert command line arguments in Pelles C, we go to Project options and select the General tab. There is an edit box called Command line arguments.

int wmain(int argc, wchar_t **argv) {

The wchar_t type of the second parameter of the wmain() function tells us that the program input is in wide characters.

HANDLE std = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);  

The GetStdHandle() function returns a handle to the standard output.

if (std == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
  wprintf(L"Cannot retrieve standard output handle\n (%d)", 
    GetLastError());
} 

In case of an error, we receive the INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE return code. For this situation we print an error message. The GetLastError() function retrieves last error code value.

WriteConsoleW(std, argv[1], wcslen(argv[1]), cChars, NULL);

We use the WriteConsoleW() function to write to the console in wide characters.

CloseHandle(std);

The CloseHandle() function closes the opened handle to the standard output.

C:\Users\Jano\Documents\Pelles C Projects\WindowsConsole>WindowsConsole.exe компилятор
компилятор

We pass a Russian word (compiler) as a parameter to our program. The program simply prints the parameter back to the console. Note that in order to see correct characters, we need to change the default font of the console to Lucida Console. We need a true type font to display wide characters correctly.

The _tmain function prototypes

The _tmain() function is a Microsoft extension. It enables programmers to easily create both ANSI and UNICODE builds of their programs. It is a C macro that translates to wmain() or main() functions, depending whether the _UNICODE constant is defined or not. It was common in the past to create both ANSI and UNICODE builds. Nowadays, many programmers recommend to create only Unicode programs. This is also what we will do in this tutorial. We will create mostly Unicode programs.

int _tmain(void);
int _tmain(int argc, TCHAR **argv);
int _tmain(int argc, TCHAR *argv[]);

These are the _tmain function prototypes. The TCHAR macro translates either to char or to wchar_t . It is controlled by the UNICODE constant.

tmain_ex.c

#define _UNICODE
#define UNICODE

#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>

int _tmain(int argc, TCHAR *argv[]) {

  PDWORD cChars = NULL;
  HANDLE std = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);

  if (std == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    _tprintf(L"Cannot retrieve standard output handle\n (%d)", 
      GetLastError());
  }  
    
  if (argv[1]) {
  
    WriteConsole(std, argv[1], _tcslen(argv[1]), cChars, NULL);
  }
  
  CloseHandle(std);

  return 0;
}

The example prints its first argument if available.

#define _UNICODE
#define UNICODE

Here we define two constants. These definitions mean that we are going to build a Unicode program. They translate C macros in C runtime and Windows header files. The _UNICODE constant translates macros in the C runtime. (These macros start with an underscore.) The UNICODE constant translates macros in the Windows header files.

#include <windows.h>

We include the definition of the TCHAR macro. The macro is affected by the UNICODE constant.

#include <tchar.h>

We must include this header file for the _tmain and _tcslen macros. They are translated depending on the _UNICODE constant.

int _tmain(int argc, TCHAR *argv[]) {

The _tmain() function translates in our case to wmain() and the TCHAR macro to wchar_t .

WriteConsole(std, argv[1], _tcslen(argv[1]), cChars, NULL);

The WriteConsole() macro is transleted to the WriteConsoleW() function. The WriteConsoleW() writes output to the console. The _tcslen macro is translated to wcslen() function; it returns the lenght of the wide string.

C:\Users\Jano\Documents\Pelles C Projects\TMainEx>TMainEx.exe "операционная система"
операционная система

The program takes another Russian word (operating system) as a parameter and prints it to the console.

The WinMain function prototypes

So far we had console main functions. For graphical user interface development, we use one of the WinMain function prototypes.

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
  PWSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow);
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
  LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow);
int APIENTRY _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
  LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow);

These three function prototypes are used for entry points for Windows GUI applications. The wWinMain() function's pCmdLine parameter contains the command-line arguments as a Unicode string. The WinMain() function's pCmdLine parameter contains the command-line arguments as an ANSI string. The _tWinMain is a C macro that translates to other two function prototypes, depending whether the _UNICODE constant is defined.

When the entry point is WinMain() , the execution of the program begins in WinMainCRTStartup() . In case of wWinMain() , the execution begins in wWinMainCRTStartup() .

winmain_ex.c

#include <windows.h>

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
         PWSTR szCmdLine, int CmdShow) {
         
  MessageBoxW(NULL, szCmdLine, L"Title", MB_OK);

  return 0;
}

This code shows a small message box on the screen. It displays the first command line argument.

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
         PWSTR szCmdLine, int CmdShow)

The third parameter of the wWinMain() function is a PWSTR (pointer to wide string). It accepts wide characters.

Figure: A message box

In this part of the Windows API tutorial, we have mentioned main functions.