Question

In this part of the PHP tutorial, we talk about the flow control. We define several keywords that enable us to control the flow of the PHP script.

The if statement

The if statement has the following general form:

if (expression)
  statement

The if keyword is used to check if an expression is true. If it is true, a statement is then executed. The statement can be a single statement or a compound statement. A compound statement consists of multiple statements enclosed by curly brackets.

ifstatement.php

<?php

$num = 31;

if ($num > 0) 
  echo "\$num variable is positive\n";

?>

We have a $num variable. It is assigned value 31. The if keyword checks for a boolean expression. The expression is put between square brackets. The expression 31 > 0 is true, so the next statement is executed. Curly brackets are optional if there is only one statement to execute.

$ php ifstatement.php 
$num variable is positive

This is the output of the example.

ifstatement2.php

<?php

$num = 31;

if ($num > 0) {
  echo "\$num variable is positive\n";
  echo "\$num variable equals to $num\n";
}

?>

If we intend to execute more than one statement, we have to put them inside square brackets. If we did not use them, only the first statement would be executed. Curly brackets form the body of the if statement.

We can use the else keyword to create a simple branch. If the expression inside the square brackets following the if keyword evaluates to false, the statement inside the else body is automatically executed.

boyorgirl.php

<?php

$sex = "female";

if ($sex == "male") {
   echo "It is a boy\n";
} else {
   echo "It is a girl\n";   
}

?>

We have a $sex variable. It has "female" string. The boolean expression evaluates to false and we get "It is a girl" in the console.

$ php boyorgirl.php 
It is a girl

This is the output of the example.

We can create multiple branches using the elseif keyword. The elseif keyword tests for another condition if and only if the previous condition was not met. Note that we can use multiple elseif keywords in our tests.

ifelsestm.php

<?php

echo "Enter a number: ";

$a = intval(fgets(STDIN));

if ($a < 0) {
  printf("%d is a negative number\n", $a);   
} elseif ($a == 0) {
  printf("%d is a zero\n", $a);   
} elseif ($a > 0) {
  printf("%d is a positive number\n", $a);   
}

?>

We read a value from the user using the fgets() function. The value is tested if it is a negative number or positive or if it equals to zero.

$ php ifelsestm.php 
Enter a number: 4
4 is a positive number
$ php ifelsestm.php 
Enter a number: -3
-3 is a negative number

Sample output of the program.

The switch statement

The switch statement is a selection control flow statement. It allows the value of a variable or expression to control the flow of program execution via a multiway branch. It creates multiple branches in a simpler way than using the if , elseif statements.

The switch statement works with two other keywords: case and break . The case keyword is used to test a label against a value from the round brackets. If the label equals to the value, the statement following the case is executed. The break keyword is used to jump out of the switch statement. There is an optional default statement. If none of the labels equals the value, the default statement is executed.

domains.php

<?php

$domain = 'sk';

switch ($domain) {

  case 'us':
    echo "United States\n";
  break;
  case 'de':
    echo "Germany\n";
  break;
  case 'sk':
    echo "Slovakia\n";
  break;
  case 'hu':
    echo "Hungary\n";
  break;
  default:
    echo "Unknown\n";
  break;
}

?>

In our script, we have a $domains variable. It has the 'sk' string. We use the switch statement to test for the value of the variable. There are several options. If the value equals to 'us' the 'United States' string is printed to the console.

$ php domains.php 
Slovakia

We get 'Slovakia'. If we changed the $domains variable to 'rr', we would get 'Unknown' string.

The while loop

The while is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given boolean condition.

This is the general form of the while loop:

while (expression):
  statement

The while loop executes the statement when the expression is evaluated to true. The statement is a simple statement terminated by a semicolon or a compound statement enclosed in curly brackets.

whilestm.php

<?php

$i = 0;

while ($i < 5) {
  echo "PHP language\n";
  $i++;
}

?>

In the code example, we repeatedly print "PHP language" string to the console.

The while loop has three parts: initialization, testing, and updating. Each execution of the statement is called a cycle.

$i = 0;

We initiate the $i variable. It is used as a counter in our script.

while ($i < 5) {
   ...
}

The expression inside the square brackets is the second phase, the testing. The while loop executes the statements in the body until the expression is evaluated to false.

$i++;

The last, third phase of the while loop is the updating; a counter is incremented. Note that improper handling of the while loop may lead to endless cycles.

$ php whilestm.php 
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language

The program prints a message five times to the console.

The do while loop is a version of the while loop. The difference is that this version is guaranteed to run at least once.

dowhile.php

<?php

$count = 0;

do {
  echo "$count\n";
} while ($count != 0) 

?>

First the iteration is executed and then the truth expression is evaluated.

The while loop is often used with the list() and each() functions.

seasons.php

<?php

$seasons = ["Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", "Winter"];

while (list($idx , $val) = each($seasons)) {
  echo "$val\n";
}

?>

We have four seasons in a $seasons array. We go through all the values and print them to the console. The each() function returns the current key and value pair from an array and advances the array cursor. When the function reaches the end of the array, it returns false and the loop is terminated. The each() function returns an array. There must be an array on the left side of the assignment too. We use the list() function to create an array from two variables.

$ php seasons.php 
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter

This is the output of the seasons.php script.

The for keyword

The for loop does the same thing as the while loop. Only it puts all three phases, initialization, testing and updating into one place, between the round brackets. It is mainly used when the number of iteration is know before entering the loop.

Let's have an example with the for loop.

forloop.php

<?php

$days = [ "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", 
        "Saturday", "Sunday" ];

$len = count($days);

for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {
  echo $days[$i], "\n";
}

?>

We have an array of days of a week. We want to print all these days from this array.

$len = count($days);

Or we can programmatically figure out the number of items in an array.

for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {
   echo $days[$i], "\n"; 
}

Here we have the for loop construct. The three phases are divided by semicolons. First, the $i counter is initiated. The initiation part takes place only once. Next, the test is conducted. If the result of the test is true, the statement is executed. Finally, the counter is incremented. This is one cycle. The for loop iterates until the test expression is false.

$ php forloop.php 
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

This is the output of the forloop.php script.

The foreach statement

The foreach construct simplifies traversing over collections of data. It has no explicit counter. The foreach statement goes through the array one by one and the current value is copied to a variable defined in the construct. In PHP, we can use it to traverse over an array.

foreachstm.php

<?php

$planets = [ "Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", 
         "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune" ];

foreach ($planets as $item) {
  echo "$item ";
}

echo "\n";

?>

In this example, we use the foreach statement to go through an array of planets.

foreach ($planets as $item) {
  echo "$item ";
}

The usage of the foreach statement is straightforward. The $planets is the array that we iterate through. The $item is the temporary variable that has the current value from the array. The foreach statement goes through all the planets and prints them to the console.

$ php foreachstm.php 
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 

Running the above PHP script gives this output.

There is another syntax of the foreach statement. It is used with maps.

foreachstm2.php

<?php 

$benelux =  [ 'be' => 'Belgium',
        'lu' => 'Luxembourgh',
        'nl' => 'Netherlands' ];

foreach ($benelux as $key => $value) {
  echo "$key is $value\n";
}

?>

In our script, we have a $benelux map. It contains domain names mapped to the benelux states. We traverse the array and print both keys and their values to the console.

$ php foreachstm2.php 
be is Belgium
lu is Luxembourgh
nl is Netherlands

This is the outcome of the script.

The break, continue statements

The break statement is used to terminate the loop. The continue statement is used to skip a part of the loop and continue with the next iteration of the loop.

testbreak.php

<?php

while (true) {

  $val = rand(1, 30);
  echo $val, " ";
  if ($val == 22) break;
}

echo "\n";

?>

We define an endless while loop. There is only one way to jump out of a such loop—using the break statement. We choose a random value from 1 to 30 and print it. If the value equals to 22, we finish the endless while loop.

$ php testbreak.php 
6 11 13 5 5 21 9 1 21 22 

We might get something like this.

In the following example, we print a list of numbers that cannot be divided by 2 without a remainder.

testcontinue.php

<?php

$num = 0;

while ($num < 1000) {

  $num++;
  if (($num % 2) == 0) continue;

  echo "$num ";

}

echo "\n";

?>

We iterate through numbers 1..999 with the while loop.

if (($num % 2) == 0) continue;

If the expression $num % 2 returns 0, the number in question can be divided by 2. The continue statement is executed and the rest of the cycle is skipped. In our case, the last statement of the loop is skipped and the number is not printed to the console. The next iteration is started.

In this part of the PHP tutorial, we were talking about control flow structures.