使用 Linux 系统 (PC 机) 做路由转发
1、网络拓扑
网络拓扑如下所示,我们在这里用到了三台机子做实验,分别是①、④、⑦号机,使用①号机 ping⑦号机,④号机作为路由转发。
2、错误的路由配置
首先我们使用如下的配置方法,配置这三台机子的路由表:
1)在①号机种配置如下,让目的网段是 10.0.4.0/24 的从 eth1 端口出去
route add -net 10.0.4.0/24 dev eth1
在①号机的查看路由表输入如下命令:
route -n
①号机的路由表的结果如下:
2)在⑦号机使用同样方法配置路由,结果如下:
3)在 4 号机配置路由转发功能,即将/etc/sysctl.conf 文件里面的 net.ipv4.ip_forward 的值置 1:
4)所有的配置已经完成,我们在①号机 ping④号机
ping 10.0.4.3
结果如下,即 ping 不通:
PING 10.0.4.3 (10.0.4.3) 56(84) bytes of data. From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=6 Destination Host Unreachable From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable From 10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=8 Destination Host Unreachable
这里为了方便研究,把①号机的 eth1 配置放出来
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:EC:AF:CB:CB inet addr:10.0.1.3 Bcast:10.255.255.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::216:ecff:feaf:cbcb/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4564 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6688 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:459463 (448.6 KiB) TX bytes:546633 (533.8 KiB) Interrupt:23 Base address:0x6000
在①号机 ping 的同时,我在④号机抓 eth1 包,结果如下:
[root@h4~]# tcpdump -i eth1 -enn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 15:26:44.388614 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60: Request who-has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46 15:26:45.391014 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60: Request who-has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46 15:26:47.387821 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60: Request who-has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46 15:26:48.391220 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60: Request who-has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46 15:26:49.392621 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60: Request who-has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
可见①号一直在寻找配有 10.0.4.3 IP 的机子的 mac 地址,即一直在发 arp 包。但是路由器(④号机)默认是不转发 arp 报文的,所有①号机永远也 ping 不通⑦号机。
3、正确的配置
在①号机种配置路由,命令如下:
route add -net 10.0.4.0/24 gw 10.0.1.2
这时候①号机的路由表:
[root@h1 ~]# [root@h1 ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.0.4.0 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 10.0.5.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.99.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
同样的方法配置⑦号机的路由表
root@h7:~# route -n 内核 IP 路由表 目标 网关 子网掩码 标志 跃点 引用 使用 接口 0.0.0.0 192.168.99.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.0.1.0 10.0.4.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 10.0.4.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth1 10.0.7.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth2 192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0
下面再进行 ping 测试,在①号机 ping⑦号机,结果能够 ping 通。在这里我们问了方便分析,首先列出各网卡的 MAC 地址
①号机 eth1:HWaddr 00:16:EC:AF:CB:CB ④号机 eth1:HWaddr 40:61:86:32:8F:0B ④号机 eth4:HWaddr 40:61:86:32:8F:0E ⑦号机 eth1:HWaddr 00:25:90:93:40:79
④号机 eth1 抓包如下:
[root@h4 ~]# tcpdump -i eth1 -enn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 16:02:26.809445 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > 40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:26.810723 40:61:86:32:8f:0b > 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:27.811847 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > 40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:27.813136 40:61:86:32:8f:0b > 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:28.813248 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > 40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64 16:02:28.814551 40:61:86:32:8f:0b > 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64 16:02:29.814648 00:16:ec:af:cb:cb > 40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 4, length 64
④号机 eth4 抓包如下:
root@h4 ~]# tcpdump -i eth4 -enn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth4, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 16:02:26.809460 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:26.810715 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:27.811853 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:27.813130 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:28.813255 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64 16:02:28.814545 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
⑦号机 eth1 抓包如下:
root@h7:~# tcpdump -i eth1 -enn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 16:02:27.222853 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:27.222867 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64 16:02:28.225226 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:28.225237 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64 16:02:29.226638 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64 16:02:29.226649 00:25:90:93:40:79 > 40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.4.3 > 10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64 16:02:30.228059 40:61:86:32:8f:0e > 00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 10.0.1.3 > 10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 4, length 64
从抓取的包中我们不难看出,①号机在 ping ⑦号机时,由于其中路由表配置了通过四号机的 eth1(10.0.1.2)地址,这个地址对应的 mac①号机已经缓存了,所有没有进行 arp 广播就直接开 始发送 ICMP 包,并且目的 ip 是⑦号机,目的 MAC 是④号机的 eth1 的,之后在④号机路由中又将目的 MAC 变成了④号机的 eth4 的,目的 ip 不变, 回来的过程相仿。
4、结论
由 于 linux 路由器默认不转发 arp 报文到,所有若像”错误的配置“那样配置路由,①号机一直处在询问目的 MAC 的阶段而无法让路由器④号机转发数据包, 所有我们可以通过”正确的配置“那样配置路由让①号机使用④号机 eth1 的 MAC 出去,然后再一步一步转发。或者通过”错误的配置“那样配置路由,然后在 ④号机中使用 arp 代理,从而让①号机获得⑦号机的 MAC,从而从发送 arp 报文阶段到发送 ICMP 包阶段。
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